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Inorganic Nitrogen Assimilation01:22

Inorganic Nitrogen Assimilation

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Nitrogen is an essential element in biological systems, forming a crucial component of proteins, nucleic acids, and other cellular constituents. Many bacteria and archaea acquire nitrogen in the form of nitrate (NO₃⁻) or ammonia (NH₃), which are then assimilated into biomolecules through specific enzymatic pathways.Assimilatory Nitrate ReductionWhen nitrate enters the cell, it undergoes a two-step reduction process known as assimilatory nitrate reduction. Initially, the enzyme...
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Nitric oxide (NO), an inorganic gas, acts as a potent second messenger in most animal and plant tissues. NO diffuses out of the cells that produce it and enters the neighboring cells to generate a downstream response. NO synthase (NOS) catalyzes NO production by the deamination of the amino acid arginine. There are three isoforms of NOS. Endothelial cells have endothelial NOS (eNOS), nerve and muscle cells have neuronal NOS (nNOS), and macrophages produce inducible NOS (iNOS) upon exposure...
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Secondary amines react with nitrous acid to form N-nitrosamines, as depicted in Figure 1. Nitrous acid, a weak and unstable acid, is formed in situ from an aqueous solution of sodium nitrite and strong acids, such as hydrochloric acid or sulfuric acid, in cold conditions. In the presence of an acid, the nitrous acid gets protonated. The subsequent loss of water results in the formation of the electrophile known as nitrosonium ion.
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Nitrous acid and nitric acids are two types of acids containing nitrogen, among which nitrous acid is weaker than nitric acid. Nitrous acid with a pKa value of 3.37 ionizes in water to give a nitrite ion and the hydronium ion.
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Mitochondria, chloroplasts, and gram-negative bacteria have transmembrane, beta-barrel proteins called porins to mediate the free diffusion of ions and metabolites across the membrane. Mitochondrial porin precursors contain conserved amino acid sequences called beta signals at their C-terminal. Beta signals have a  motif of PoXGXXHyXHy (Po-Polar, X-Any amino acid, G-Glycine, Hy-LargeHydrophobic), which are crucial for precursor recognition to initiate precursor assembly. Beta-barrel...
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Structures of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives01:28

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Structure of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives
Carboxylic acid derivatives contain an acyl group attached to a heteroatom such as chlorine, oxygen, or nitrogen. The carbonyl carbon and oxygen are both sp2-hybridized with an unhybridized p orbital.
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Nitrophorins and nitrobindins: structure and function.

Giovanna De Simone1, Paolo Ascenzi1, Alessandra di Masi1

  • 1.

Biomolecular Concepts
|June 3, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

New heme-proteins with all β-barrel and mixed α-helical-β-barrel folds exhibit globin-like functions. These include nitrophorins (NPs) and nitrobindins (Nbs), crucial for NO transport and sensing.

Keywords:
functionnitrobindinnitrophorinstructure

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Structural Biology
  • Evolutionary Biology

Background:

  • Classical globins, characterized by an all α-helical fold, are ubiquitous across life.
  • Recent discoveries include heme-proteins with all β-barrel or mixed α-helical-β-barrel structures.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the structural and functional properties of nitrophorins (NPs) and nitrobindins (Nbs).
  • To compare these novel heme-proteins with the established prototype, sperm whale myoglobin.

Main Methods:

  • Comparative structural analysis of heme-proteins.
  • Functional property assessment based on heme-Fe atom reactivity and ligand binding.

Main Results:

  • NPs and Nbs possess all β-barrel or mixed α-helical-β-barrel folds, distinct from classical globins.
  • These proteins exhibit functional similarities to globins, including ligand binding and transport.
  • NPs and Nbs are implicated in nitric oxide (NO) transport, storage, and sensing.
  • Human α1-microglobulin (Hs-α1-m) plays a role in heme metabolism.

Conclusions:

  • Heme-proteins with β-barrel structures represent a significant expansion of globin-like functional proteins.
  • NPs and Nbs highlight the diverse evolutionary pathways for heme-protein function, particularly in NO signaling and metabolism.