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Related Concept Videos

LTR Retrotransposons03:08

LTR Retrotransposons

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LTR retrotransposons are class I transposable elements with long terminal repeats flanking an internal coding region. These elements are less abundant in mammals compared to other class I transposable elements. About 8 percent of human genomic DNA comprises LTR retrotransposons. Some of the common examples of LTR retrotransposons are Ty elements in yeast and Copia elements in Drosophila.
The internal coding region of LTR retrotransposons and their mechanism of transposition closely resembles a...
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Telomeres and Telomerase02:41

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In eukaryotic DNA replication, a single-stranded DNA fragment remains at the end of a chromosome after the removal of the final primer. This section of DNA cannot be replicated in the same manner as the rest of the strand because there is no 3’ end to which the newly synthesized DNA can attach. This non-replicated fragment results in gradual loss of the chromosomal DNA during each cell duplication. Additionally, it can induce a DNA damage response by enzymes that recognize single-stranded...
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Non-LTR Retrotransposons03:18

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As the name suggests, non-LTR retrotransposons lack the long terminal repeats characteristic of the LTR retrotransposons. Additionally, both LTR and non-LTR retrotransposons use distinct mechanisms of mobilization. Non-LTR retrotransposons are further divided into two classes - Long interspersed nuclear elements (LINEs) and short interspersed nuclear elements (SINEs), both of which occur abundantly in most mammals, including humans. Some of the active non-LTR retrotransposons in humans are L1...
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Overview of Transposition and Recombination02:13

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Transposons make up a significant part of genomes of various organisms. Therefore, it is believed that transposition played a major evolutionary role in speciation by changing genome sizes and modifying gene expression patterns. For example, in bacteria, transposition can lead to conferring antibiotic resistance. Movement of transposable elements within the genetic pool of pathogenic bacteria can aid in transfer of antibiotic-resistant genetic elements. In eukaryotes, transposons can carry out...
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Transposons

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Transposons, or "jumping genes," are small mobile genetic elements (MGEs) that range from 700 to 40,000 base pairs in length. They are found in all organisms and can move within the same chromosome or transfer to different chromosomes. In some cases, transposons can also jump between different host DNA molecules, such as plasmids or viruses, contributing to genetic variability.Barbara McClintock first discovered these mobile genetic elements in the 1940s while studying maize genetics, and she...
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Real-Time Quantification of the Effects of IS200/IS605 Family-Associated TnpB on Transposon Activity
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Giant Reverse Transcriptase-Encoding Transposable Elements at Telomeres.

Irina R Arkhipova1, Irina A Yushenova1, Fernando Rodriguez1

  • 1Marine Biological Laboratory, Josephine Bay Paul Center for Comparative Molecular Biology and Evolution, Woods Hole, MA.

Molecular Biology and Evolution
|June 3, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Researchers discovered Terminons, novel expandable eukaryotic retroelements that attach to telomeres. These complex elements challenge current understanding of retroelement structure and evolution, suggesting links to viral elements and gene transfer.

Keywords:
bdelloid rotifershammerhead ribozymeshorizontal gene transferretrotransposons

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Area of Science:

  • Genomics
  • Molecular Biology
  • Evolutionary Biology

Background:

  • Transposable elements significantly influence eukaryotic genome structure and evolution.
  • Retroelements, a type of transposable element, are known for their compact structure and RNA-mediated transposition.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To report the discovery and characterization of a novel class of expandable eukaryotic retroelements named Terminons.
  • To investigate the unique structural and functional properties of these elements and their implications for genome evolution.

Main Methods:

  • Identification and characterization of Terminon elements in eukaryotic genomes.
  • Analysis of Terminon structure, including length, complexity, and Open Reading Frame (ORF) content.
  • Investigation of Terminon integration mechanisms at telomeric repeat overhangs.

Main Results:

  • Discovery of Terminons, expandable retroelements exceeding 40 kb, capable of forming extensive chains and capturing host genes.
  • Terminons possess a complex structure with multiple ORFs, including Athena reverse transcriptases, DEDDy 3'-exonucleases, and GDSL esterases.
  • These elements attach to G-rich telomeric overhangs via a mechanism involving C-rich repeats and a hammerhead ribozyme motif.

Conclusions:

  • Terminons represent a novel, highly complex type of eukaryotic retroelement, challenging existing models of retroelement organization.
  • Their structure and ORF diversity suggest potential connections to viral elements and a role in increased gene transfer frequency.
  • The findings expand our understanding of transposable element diversity and their impact on eukaryotic genome evolution.