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Related Concept Videos

Frequency-dependent Selection01:21

Frequency-dependent Selection

24.3K
When the fitness of a trait is influenced by how common it is (i.e., its frequency) relative to different traits within a population, this is referred to as frequency-dependent selection. Frequency-dependent selection may occur between species or within a single species. This type of selection can either be positive—with more common phenotypes having higher fitness—or negative, with rarer phenotypes conferring increased fitness.
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Trihybrid Crosses02:27

Trihybrid Crosses

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Trihybrid Crosses
Some of Mendel’s crosses examined three pairs of contrasting characteristics. Such a cross is called a trihybrid cross. A trihybrid cross is a combination of three individual monohybrid crosses. For example, plant height (tall vs. short), seed shape (round vs. wrinkled), and seed color (yellow vs. green).
The F1 generation plants of a trihybrid cross are heterozygous for all three traits and produce eight gametes. Upon self-fertilization, these gametes have an equal...
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Test Cross01:39

Test Cross

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Alleles are different forms of the same gene. Humans and other diploid organisms inherit two alleles of every gene, one from each parent.
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Monohybrid Crosses01:20

Monohybrid Crosses

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Overview
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Dihybrid Crosses01:18

Dihybrid Crosses

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Overview
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Incomplete Dominance01:43

Incomplete Dominance

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Gregor Mendel's work (1822 - 1884) was primarily focused on pea plants. Through his initial experiments, he determined that every gene in a diploid cell has two variants called alleles inherited from each parent. He suggested that amongst these two alleles, one allele is dominant in character and the other recessive. The combination of alleles determines the phenotype of a gene in an organism.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 1, 2026

Author Spotlight: A High-Resolution, Single-Grain, In Vivo Pollen Hydration Bioassay for Arabidopsis thaliana
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Author Spotlight: A High-Resolution, Single-Grain, In Vivo Pollen Hydration Bioassay for Arabidopsis thaliana

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GAMETOPHYTIC SELECTION IN RAPHANUS RAPHANISTRUM: A TEST FOR HERITABLE VARIATION IN POLLEN COMPETITIVE ABILITY.

Allison A Snow1, Susan J Mazer1

  • 1Botany Department, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616.

Evolution; International Journal of Organic Evolution
|June 6, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Pollen competition in wild radish showed donor differences but no heritable variation for competitive ability. Male-female interactions, not just pollen traits, may influence fertilization success.

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Area of Science:

  • Plant reproductive biology
  • Evolutionary genetics
  • Plant breeding

Background:

  • Pollen competition for ovules can drive nonrandom fertilization and selection for sporophytic vigor.
  • The evolutionary impact hinges on heritable genetic variation in pollen competitive ability.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate pollen competitive ability differences among wild radish donors.
  • To determine if pollen competitive ability is heritable through a selection experiment.

Main Methods:

  • Used flower color as a genetic marker in wild radish (Raphanus raphanistrum).
  • Assessed pollen competitive ability using pollen mixtures on maternal plants.
  • Conducted a two-generation selection experiment manipulating pollen competition intensity.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated significant differences in pollen competitive ability among donors, varying by maternal plant.
  • Found no overall effect of previous pollen competition intensity on the performance of selected lines.
  • Observed inferior performance in some cases, contradicting expected outcomes.

Conclusions:

  • No evidence for heritable genetic variation in pollen competitive ability was found in this study.
  • Male-female interactions may play a significant role in pollen competition outcomes.
  • Results challenge prevailing theories on the genetic basis of pollen competition effects on subsequent generations.