Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

In- and Out-Groups01:31

In- and Out-Groups

43.9K
People all belong to a gender, race, age, and social economic group. These groups provide a powerful source of our identity and self-esteem (Tajfel & Turner, 1979) and serve as our in-groups. An in-group is a group that we identify with or see ourselves as belonging to.
43.9K
Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Discrimination02:55

Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Discrimination

95.8K
Humans are very diverse and although we share many similarities, we also have many differences. The social groups we belong to help form our identities (Tajfel, 1974). These differences may be difficult for some people to reconcile, which may lead to prejudice toward people who are different. Prejudice is a negative attitude and feeling toward an individual based solely on one’s membership in a particular social group (Allport, 1954; Brown, 2010). Prejudice is common against people who...
95.8K
Impact of Groups on Groups01:19

Impact of Groups on Groups

289
Social psychologists analyze how groups influence one another, shaping social structures and interactions through both cooperation and competition. These dynamics manifest in various ways, ranging from economic partnerships to intergroup conflicts that shape societal structures and perceptions.Cooperation and Competition in Intergroup RelationsIntergroup relationships vary across contexts, sometimes fostering cooperation and mutual benefit while at other times leading to conflict and...
289
Stereotype Content Model02:16

Stereotype Content Model

15.6K
The Stereotype Content Model (SCM) was first proposed by Susan Fiske and her colleagues (Fiske, Cuddy, Glick & Xu, 2002; see also Fiske, 2012 and Fiske, 2017). The SCM specifies that when someone encounters a new group, they will stereotype them based on two metrics: warmth—or that group’s perceived intent, and how likely they are to provide help or inflict harm—and competence—or their ability to carry out that objective. Depending on the warmth-competence...
15.6K
Impact of Individuals on a Group01:25

Impact of Individuals on a Group

382
In social psychology, the interplay between individuals and groups is a central concern, particularly regarding how individual actions and characteristics influence group processes and outcomes. While much research emphasizes the group's power in shaping individual behavior, it is equally significant to understand how individuals contribute to the functioning, development, and success of groups.Individual Roles in Group Productivity and Decision-MakingIndividuals are not passive participants in...
382
Stereotype Threat and Self-fulfilling Prophecies02:09

Stereotype Threat and Self-fulfilling Prophecies

43.0K
When we hold a stereotype about a person, we have expectations that he or she will fulfill that stereotype. A self-fulfilling prophecy is an expectation held by a person that alters his or her behavior in a way that tends to make it true. When we hold stereotypes about a person, we tend to treat the person according to our expectations. This treatment can influence the person to act according to our stereotypic expectations, thus confirming our stereotypic beliefs. Research by Rosenthal and...
43.0K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Reply "Interest in and Preference for Long-Acting Injectable Pre-exposure Prophylaxis Among Men Who Have Sex With Men, Trans* Individuals, and Cisgender Heterosexual Women: A Global Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis".

Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999)·2026
Same author

Educational Differences in Sexual Health among Adolescents in Europe: A Meta-Analysis.

Journal of youth and adolescence·2026
Same author

Differences in HIV testing may determine the first pillar of the HIV care continuum in a cross-border setting.

HIV medicine·2026
Same author

Italy is ready-extended PrEP cascade, and determinants of intention to use long-acting PrEP and unmet PrEP needs among men who have sex with men, trans* individuals, heterosexual women, and men.

HIV research & clinical practice·2026
Same author

Epidemiologic Impact of Prioritizing Long-Acting Injectable Cabotegravir to Men Who Have Sex With Men With Low Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis Use Adherence in the Netherlands: A Mathematical Modeling Study.

Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999)·2026
Same author

Legal status, sex work engagement and inequities in the HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis cascade among migrant women in 11 European countries.

HIV medicine·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 1, 2026

Post-Movie Subliminal Measurement PMSM, for Investigating Implicit Social Bias
09:03

Post-Movie Subliminal Measurement PMSM, for Investigating Implicit Social Bias

Published on: February 29, 2020

6.3K

When does activating diversity alleviate, when does it increase intergroup bias? An ingroup projection perspective.

Melanie C Steffens1, Gerhard Reese1, Franziska Ehrke1

  • 1Department of Social, Environmental, and Economic Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Koblenz-Landau, Landau, Germany.

Plos One
|June 6, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Activating superordinate category diversity reduces intergroup bias for less prototypical groups but can increase bias for highly prototypical groups. This finding refines the ingroup-projection model by highlighting ingroup prototypicality as a key moderator.

More Related Videos

Continuous Theta Burst Stimulation of the Posterior Medial Frontal Cortex to Experimentally Reduce Ideological Threat Responses
06:42

Continuous Theta Burst Stimulation of the Posterior Medial Frontal Cortex to Experimentally Reduce Ideological Threat Responses

Published on: September 28, 2018

12.3K
The Joint Effect of Social Comparison and Social Distance on Evaluation of Intertemporal Choice Outcomes in Event-related Potential Studies
08:24

The Joint Effect of Social Comparison and Social Distance on Evaluation of Intertemporal Choice Outcomes in Event-related Potential Studies

Published on: August 25, 2023

1.2K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Mar 1, 2026

Post-Movie Subliminal Measurement PMSM, for Investigating Implicit Social Bias
09:03

Post-Movie Subliminal Measurement PMSM, for Investigating Implicit Social Bias

Published on: February 29, 2020

6.3K
Continuous Theta Burst Stimulation of the Posterior Medial Frontal Cortex to Experimentally Reduce Ideological Threat Responses
06:42

Continuous Theta Burst Stimulation of the Posterior Medial Frontal Cortex to Experimentally Reduce Ideological Threat Responses

Published on: September 28, 2018

12.3K
The Joint Effect of Social Comparison and Social Distance on Evaluation of Intertemporal Choice Outcomes in Event-related Potential Studies
08:24

The Joint Effect of Social Comparison and Social Distance on Evaluation of Intertemporal Choice Outcomes in Event-related Potential Studies

Published on: August 25, 2023

1.2K

Area of Science:

  • Social Psychology
  • Intergroup Relations
  • Social Identity Theory

Background:

  • Intergroup bias is a persistent issue with significant theoretical and practical implications.
  • Current models often focus on social identity and self-categorization theories, such as the ingroup-projection model.
  • The ingroup-projection model suggests bias arises when an ingroup's norms are projected onto outgroups within a common superordinate category.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the moderating role of ingroup prototypicality on the effectiveness of diversity activation in reducing intergroup bias.
  • To test whether emphasizing the diversity of a superordinate category always reduces intergroup bias, as suggested by the ingroup-projection model.
  • To explore conditions under which activating superordinate diversity may paradoxically increase intergroup bias.

Main Methods:

  • Three experiments were conducted with a total of 345 participants.
  • Participants were assigned to groups defined by gender or nationality.
  • Ingroup prototypicality was manipulated or measured, and the effects of activating superordinate category diversity on intergroup bias were assessed.

Main Results:

  • When participants perceived their ingroup as highly prototypical (a "pars pro toto" or majority group), activating superordinate diversity led to increased threat and intergroup bias.
  • Conversely, for participants viewing their ingroup as less prototypical (an "una inter pares" or minority group), activating superordinate diversity successfully reduced intergroup bias, consistent with the original ingroup-projection model.
  • These findings were consistent across different group contexts, including gender and nationality.

Conclusions:

  • Ingroup prototypicality is a crucial moderator, not just an outcome, in the ingroup-projection model.
  • Activating superordinate category diversity can reduce intergroup bias, but only when individuals do not perceive their ingroup as uniquely representative or dominant.
  • The ingroup-projection model can be extended to explain conflicting findings regarding the multiculturalism ideology and diversity interventions.