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Olfaction01:25

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The sense of smell is achieved through the activities of the olfactory system. It starts when an airborne odorant enters the nasal cavity and reaches olfactory epithelium (OE). The OE is protected by a thin layer of mucus, which also serves the purpose of dissolving more complex compounds into simpler chemical odorants. The size of the OE and the density of sensory neurons varies among species; in humans, the OE is only about 9-10 cm2.
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The process of olfaction, also known as the sense of smell, is a sophisticated chemical response system. The specialized sensory neurons that facilitate this process, known as olfactory receptor neurons, are situated in an upper segment of the nasal cavity, known as the olfactory epithelium. Olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar, with their dendrites extending from the epithelium's apex into the mucus that lines the nasal cavity. Airborne molecules, when inhaled, traverse the olfactory...
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Schizophrenia, a severe psychiatric disorder, arises from a complex interplay of biological factors, including genetic predisposition, structural brain abnormalities, neurotransmitter dysregulation, and developmental irregularities. These factors collectively contribute to the onset and progression of the disorder, which typically manifests in late adolescence or early adulthood.
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Schizophrenia, a term introduced by Swiss psychiatrist Eugen Bleuler in 1911, describes a severe psychological disorder marked by profound disruptions in attention, thought processes, language, emotion, and interpersonal relationships. The core feature of schizophrenia is psychosis — a state characterized by a fundamental detachment from reality. This disconnection manifests through distorted logic, impaired perception, and atypical behavior, severely affecting the lives of those...
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Schizophrenia is a complex mental health disorder that can manifest with various positive symptoms, including thought, movement, and behavior disorders. These symptoms significantly disrupt cognitive and motor functions, leading to profound effects on an individual's ability to engage with the world.
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Schizophrenia is a neurodevelopmental disorder whose origins are rooted in complex genetic components. Despite our burgeoning understanding, the pathophysiology of this disorder remains incompletely deciphered.
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A Free-breathing fMRI Method to Study Human Olfactory Function
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Disrupted Olfactory Integration in Schizophrenia: Functional Connectivity Study.

Sara Kiparizoska1, Toshikazu Ikuta1

  • 1School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi; Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi.

The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology
|June 6, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Schizophrenia patients exhibit altered brain connectivity in olfactory regions, impacting smell function and sensory integration. This study clarifies the neural networks involved in olfactory dysfunction in schizophrenia.

Keywords:
functional connectivityolfactionresting state fMRIschizophreniasensory integration

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Psychiatry
  • Brain Imaging

Background:

  • Olfactory dysfunction is a known symptom in schizophrenia, but its neural basis and relation to the illness remain unclear.
  • Previous research has not fully explored the functional connectivity of olfactory regions in schizophrenia.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the functional connectivity of the olfactory bulb, olfactory tract, and piriform cortices in individuals with schizophrenia.
  • To identify specific brain networks associated with altered olfactory processing in schizophrenia.

Main Methods:

  • Resting-state functional MRI data were analyzed from 84 patients with schizophrenia and 90 healthy controls.
  • Functional connectivity was examined between key olfactory regions and other brain areas.

Main Results:

  • Schizophrenia patients showed reduced connectivity between the anterior piriform cortex and nucleus accumbens.
  • Disconnectivity was observed between the posterior piriform cortex and middle frontal gyrus.
  • The olfactory tract also demonstrated reduced connectivity with visual cortices in the schizophrenia group.

Conclusions:

  • Functional disconnectivity in olfactory regions is present in schizophrenia.
  • These findings suggest a neural mechanism for olfactory dysfunction and disrupted sensory integration in schizophrenia.