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Related Concept Videos

LTR Retrotransposons03:08

LTR Retrotransposons

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LTR retrotransposons are class I transposable elements with long terminal repeats flanking an internal coding region. These elements are less abundant in mammals compared to other class I transposable elements. About 8 percent of human genomic DNA comprises LTR retrotransposons. Some of the common examples of LTR retrotransposons are Ty elements in yeast and Copia elements in Drosophila.
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Retroviruses and retrotransposons both insert copies of their genetic elements into the genome of the host cell. Thus, the viral genes are passed on when the host genome is replicated or translated. A typical retroviral DNA sequence contains 3-4 genes that encode the different proteins required for its structural assembly and function as a molecular parasite. This DNA is transcribed into a single mRNA, which is very similar in structure to conventional mRNAs, i.e., it is capped at the 5’...
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As the name suggests, non-LTR retrotransposons lack the long terminal repeats characteristic of the LTR retrotransposons. Additionally, both LTR and non-LTR retrotransposons use distinct mechanisms of mobilization. Non-LTR retrotransposons are further divided into two classes - Long interspersed nuclear elements (LINEs) and short interspersed nuclear elements (SINEs), both of which occur abundantly in most mammals, including humans. Some of the active non-LTR retrotransposons in humans are L1...
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Retroviruses have a single-stranded RNA genome that undergoes a special form of replication. Once the retrovirus has entered the host cell, an enzyme called reverse transcriptase synthesizes double-stranded DNA from the retroviral RNA genome. This DNA copy of the genome is then integrated into the host’s genome inside the nucleus via an enzyme called integrase. Consequently, the retroviral genome is transcribed into RNA whenever the host’s genome is transcribed, allowing the...
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Transposons make up a significant part of genomes of various organisms. Therefore, it is believed that transposition played a major evolutionary role in speciation by changing genome sizes and modifying gene expression patterns. For example, in bacteria, transposition can lead to conferring antibiotic resistance. Movement of transposable elements within the genetic pool of pathogenic bacteria can aid in transfer of antibiotic-resistant genetic elements. In eukaryotes, transposons can carry out...
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After budding out from the ER membrane, some COPII vesicles lose their coat and fuse with one another to form larger vesicles and interconnected tubules called vesicular tubular clusters or VTCs. These clusters constitute a compartment at the ER-Golgi interface known as ERGIC (Endoplasmic Reticulum Golgi Intermediate Compartment). The ERGIC is a mobile membrane-bound cargo transport system that sorts proteins secreted from ER and delivers them to the Golgi.
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Analysis of LINE-1 Retrotransposition at the Single Nucleus Level
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A conserved role for the ESCRT membrane budding complex in LINE retrotransposition.

Axel V Horn1,2, Ivana Celic1, Chun Dong2

  • 1Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States of America.

Plos Genetics
|June 7, 2017
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Long interspersed nuclear elements (LINE-1s) utilize the ESCRT complex for retrotransposition, a process crucial for genome evolution. This interaction guides LINE-1s to the nucleus, impacting their replication and endonuclease activity.

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Long interspersed nuclear elements (LINE-1s) are active retrotransposable elements that significantly contribute to mammalian genome evolution.
  • The cellular localization and trafficking mechanisms of active LINE-1 particles remain largely unknown.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the cellular machinery involved in LINE-1 retrotransposition.
  • To identify factors that facilitate the movement of LINE-1s to the nucleus for reverse transcription.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a yeast model system to study LINE retrotransposition.
  • Investigated the interaction between LINE-1 and the endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT).
  • Examined the impact of the LINE-1/ESCRT interaction on LINE-1 replication and nuclear localization.

Main Results:

  • Identified the ESCRT complex as critical for LINE retrotransposition, a finding conserved in human LINE-1.
  • Demonstrated that ESCRT interacts with LINE-1 via a late domain motif, facilitating LINE-1 replication.
  • Showed that disruption of the LINE-1/ESCRT interaction impairs retrotransposition and reduces nuclear LINE-1 endonuclease activity, without affecting RNP formation.

Conclusions:

  • The ESCRT complex plays a vital role in the LINE-1 life cycle.
  • The LINE-1/ESCRT interaction facilitates nuclear trafficking of LINE-1 ribonucleoprotein particles (RNPs), suggesting an unconventional trafficking pathway.