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Related Concept Videos

Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus01:19

Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus

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The upper limb consists of the arm, forearm, wrist, and hand bones. The humerus is the single bone of the upper arm region. Proximally, it has a large, spherical, smooth head that articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula to form the glenohumeral or shoulder joint. The margin of the head is the anatomical neck, a residual epiphyseal plate. Laterally it extends to form bony projections called the greater tubercle and the lesser tubercle. Next to the tubercles is the surgical neck, a...
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Bones of the Upper Limb: Ulna01:15

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The ulna and radius are parallel bones of the antebrachium or the forearm. The ulna lies medially and consists of a bony tip called the olecranon process at its proximal end. This hook-like projection articulates with the olecranon fossa of the humerus and forms the "hinged" ulnohumeral part of the elbow joint. This joint facilitates forearm extension and flexion while preventing its hyperextension. Similarly, the coronoid process, another bony projection on the proximal/anterior side...
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Bones of the Upper Limb: Radius01:09

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The radius is longer of the two bones that make up the human antebrachium or forearm. At the proximal end, the radius articulates with the capitulum of the humerus and the radial notch of the ulna to form the elbow joint. At the distal end, the radius articulates with the ulna via the ulnar notch, forming the distal radioulnar joint. Distally, the radius also attaches to the carpal wrist bones (scaphoid and lunate) to form the radiocarpal joint.
The radius has a nail-shaped head, and a...
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Muscles that Move the Forearm01:16

Muscles that Move the Forearm

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The muscles that move the forearms can be divided into four groups: forearm flexors, forearm extensors, forearm pronators, and forearm supinators. The flexors and extensors act on the elbow joint, while the pronators and supinators act on the radioulnar joints.
Forearm Flexors
The biceps brachii, brachialis, and brachioradialis are forearm flexors. The biceps brachii is made up of two heads. Its long head originates at the supraglenoid tubercle of the scapula, whereas that of the short head is...
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Spinal Nerves: Plexus I01:22

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Nerve plexuses are networks of interlacing nerves that serve as communication hubs to distribute and organize nerve action across various body regions. The nerve plexuses are organized into the cervical plexus located in the neck region, brachial plexus in the shoulder area, lumbar plexus found in the lower back, sacral plexus situated in the pelvis, and coccygeal plexus located in the coccygeal region.
The Cervical Plexus
The cervical plexus, formed by the anterior rami of the first four...
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Muscles that Move the Arm01:31

Muscles that Move the Arm

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Nine muscles are involved in arm movements. Two of these, the pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi, originate from the axial skeleton and are called axial muscles. The other seven originate from the scapula and are called the scapular muscles.
The pectoralis major has two origins. Its clavicular head originates on the medial half of the clavicle. In contrast, the sternocostal head originates on the costal cartilages of ribs 1-6, the sternum, and the aponeurosis of the external oblique of the...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 1, 2026

Vascularized Composite Hand Allograft Procurement and Preparation for Distal and Proximal Forearm Allotransplantation: A Stepwise Approach
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Simple elbow dislocation.

Paul M Robinson1, Emmet Griffiths1, Adam C Watts1

  • 1Wrightington Hospital, Hall Lane, Appley Bridge, Wigan, Lancashire, UK.

Shoulder & Elbow
|June 8, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Elbow dislocations are common, with most patients recovering well with non-operative care. However, a small percentage experience poor outcomes, necessitating surgical intervention for optimal elbow stability.

Keywords:
elbowinstabilitysimple elbow dislocation

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Area of Science:

  • Orthopedic Surgery
  • Sports Medicine
  • Anatomy

Background:

  • Elbow dislocations represent the second most frequent major joint dislocation in adults.
  • While non-operative management yields good long-term results for many, a subset (<10%) experiences suboptimal outcomes requiring surgical consideration.
  • Understanding the nuances of elbow joint injuries is crucial for effective treatment.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present a comprehensive review of simple elbow dislocations.
  • To emphasize emerging concepts in soft tissue injury, stabilizing structures, and injury mechanisms.
  • To propose a treatment algorithm based on pathoanatomy for managing elbow dislocations.

Main Methods:

  • Review of anatomical and pathoanatomical principles of elbow dislocations.
  • Analysis of injury mechanisms and their relationship to elbow stability.
  • Discussion of current non-surgical and surgical management strategies.

Main Results:

  • Elbow dislocations are common, with non-operative management successful in most cases.
  • A small proportion of patients (<10%) may have poor outcomes despite non-operative treatment.
  • Emerging concepts highlight the importance of soft tissue injury and stabilizing structures in determining outcomes.

Conclusions:

  • A thorough understanding of elbow anatomy and pathoanatomy is essential for managing dislocations.
  • A pathoanatomy-driven treatment algorithm can guide decisions between non-surgical and surgical interventions.
  • Optimizing elbow stability through appropriate management is key to achieving good long-term patient outcomes.