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Related Concept Videos

Anatomy of the Ear01:16

Anatomy of the Ear

12.3K
Auditory sensation, commonly called hearing, involves the transformation of sonic waves into neural impulses facilitated by the structures of the auditory organ. The prominent, flesh-like structure on the side of the head, called the auricle, directs sound waves towards the auditory canal. The auricle is often mislabeled as the pinna, a term more aligned with mobile structures like a feline's external ear. The auditory canal penetrates the cranium via the external auditory meatus of the...
12.3K
Hair Cells01:22

Hair Cells

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Hair cells are the sensory receptors of the auditory system—they transduce mechanical sound waves into electrical energy that the nervous system can understand. Hair cells are located in the organ of Corti within the cochlea of the inner ear, between the basilar and tectorial membranes. The actual sensory receptors are called inner hair cells. The outer hair cells serve other functions, such as sound amplification in the cochlea, and are not discussed in detail here.
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The Auditory Ossicles01:11

The Auditory Ossicles

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The auditory ossicles of the middle ear transmit sounds from the air as vibrations to the fluid-filled cochlea. The auditory ossicles consist of two malleus (hammer) bones, two incus (anvil) bones, and two stapes (stirrups), one on each side. These bones develop during the fetal stage and are the ones to ossify first. They are fully mature at birth and do not grow afterward.
The aptly named stapes look very much like a stirrup. The three ossicles are unique to mammals, and each plays a role in...
3.4K
The Cochlea01:13

The Cochlea

51.8K
The cochlea is a coiled structure in the inner ear that contains hair cells—the sensory receptors of the auditory system. Sound waves are transmitted to the cochlea by small bones attached to the eardrum called the ossicles, which vibrate the oval window that leads to the inner ear. This causes fluid in the chambers of the cochlea to move, vibrating the basilar membrane.
51.8K
Auditory Pathway01:15

Auditory Pathway

7.8K
Auditory pathways constitute the complex neural circuits responsible for transmitting and interpreting auditory information from the peripheral auditory system to the brain. Sound waves are initially captured by the outer ear, funneled through the ear canal, and reach the tympanic membrane (eardrum). These vibrations are transmitted via the middle ear's ossicles to the inner ear's cochlea.
When viewed cross-sectionally, the cochlea reveals the scala vestibuli and scala tympani flanking...
7.8K
Hearing01:31

Hearing

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When we hear a sound, our nervous system is detecting sound waves—pressure waves of mechanical energy traveling through a medium. The frequency of the wave is perceived as pitch, while the amplitude is perceived as loudness.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 1, 2026

Endoscopic Cholesteatoma Surgery
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Endoscopic Cholesteatoma Surgery

Published on: January 19, 2022

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Surfer's ear.

Yumi Okuyama1, Akira Baba2, Hiroya Ojiri3

  • 1Department of Internal MedicineTokyo Dental College Ichikawa General Hospital Chiba Japan.

Clinical Case Reports
|June 8, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Surfers commonly develop external auditory canal exostosis from cold water exposure. Symptoms include hearing loss and ear infections, often requiring surgical removal for treatment.

Keywords:
Exostosisexternal auditory canalotolaryngologysurfer

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Area of Science:

  • Otolaryngology
  • Environmental Medicine

Background:

  • External auditory canal exostosis is a common condition, particularly in surfers.
  • It is characterized by bony growths in the ear canal.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize the clinical presentation and management of external auditory canal exostosis in surfers.

Main Methods:

  • Review of clinical history and symptoms associated with external auditory canal exostosis.
  • Evaluation of diagnostic criteria and treatment recommendations.

Main Results:

  • Repeated exposure to cold water is a significant risk factor.
  • Common symptoms include hearing reduction, ear infections, and aural fullness.

Conclusions:

  • Suspect external auditory canal exostosis in surfers presenting with characteristic symptoms.
  • Surgical intervention is recommended when symptoms are present and infection is noted.