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A motor unit consists of two main components: a single efferent motor neuron (i.e., a neuron that carries impulses away from the central nervous system) and all of the muscle fibers it innervates. The motor neuron may innervate multiple muscle fibers, which are single cells, but only one motor neuron innervates a single muscle fiber.
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The motor unit is a fundamental component of the neuromuscular system and plays a crucial role in coordinating muscle contractions. It consists of a somatic motor neuron, which connects and controls multiple skeletal muscle fibers, forming a single functional segment. The axon of the motor neuron branches out and establishes synaptic connections known as neuromuscular junctions with individual muscle fibers within the motor unit.
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Eukaryotic cells have different motor proteins for transporting various cargo within the cell. These motor proteins differ based on the filament they associate with, the direction they move within the cell, and the type of cargo they transport. Motor proteins that associate with microtubules are known as microtubule-associated motor proteins. There are two families of microtubule-associated motor proteins —Kinesins and Dyneins. Both these proteins assist in the transport of cellular...
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Microtubules are thick hollow cylindrical proteins that help form the cytoskeleton. Microtubules have varied roles in the cell. These filaments help form cellular appendages like cilia and flagella, which are responsible for locomotion. The cilia arise from basal bodies, separated from the main body by a membrane-like structure forming the transition zone. This zone is the gate for the entry of lipids and proteins, creating a unique composition of lipids and proteins in the ciliary membrane and...
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Light-driven Molecular Motors on Surfaces for Single Molecular Imaging
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Multiwavelength Light-Responsive Au/B-TiO2 Janus Micromotors.

Bumjin Jang1, Ayoung Hong1, Ha Eun Kang1

  • 1Multi-Scale Robotics Lab, Institute of Robotics and Intelligent Systems, ETH Zurich , Zurich, CH-8092, Switzerland.

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|June 8, 2017
PubMed
Summary

New Janus micromotors utilize broad-spectrum light, including visible light, for propulsion. This advancement enhances potential applications in biomedicine and environmental remediation by enabling solar-powered operation and steerability.

Keywords:
Au/B-TiO2 Janus micromotorsblack TiO2micromotorsmultiwavelengthsphotocatalysis

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Nanotechnology
  • Physical Chemistry

Background:

  • Conventional photocatalytic micromotors have limited light absorption spectra, restricting their use.
  • Biomedical and environmental remediation applications require efficient light-driven micro-machines.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a multiwavelength light-responsive Janus micromotor.
  • To investigate the propulsion of these micromotors under various light wavelengths.
  • To demonstrate controlled motion for potential applications.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of Janus micromotors using black titanium dioxide (TiO2) microspheres coated with gold (Au).
  • Characterization of light absorption properties (300-800 nm).
  • Observation and analysis of micromotor motion in H2O2 solutions and pure H2O under different light wavelengths (UV to red).

Main Results:

  • The micromotors are propelled by a broad range of light wavelengths, including UV, blue, cyan, green, and red light.
  • Motor speed decreases with increasing light wavelength.
  • Significant speed increase observed using the visible light spectrum (>400 nm).
  • Demonstrated stop-go motion by controlling visible light illumination.

Conclusions:

  • The developed Janus micromotors offer multiwavelength light responsiveness, overcoming limitations of conventional designs.
  • The ability to utilize visible light spectrum suggests potential for solar energy-driven applications.
  • Controlled stop-go motion is achievable, paving the way for steerable micro- and nanomachines.