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Related Concept Videos

Chirality at Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Sulfur02:30

Chirality at Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Sulfur

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Chirality is most prevalent in carbon-based tetrahedral compounds, but this important facet of molecular symmetry extends to sp3-hybridized nitrogen, phosphorus and sulfur centers, including trivalent molecules with lone pairs. Here, the lone pair behaves as a functional group in addition to the other three substituents to form an analogous tetrahedral center that can be chiral.
A consequence of chirality is the need for enantiomeric resolution. While this is theoretically possible for all...
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Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: Acid Halides, Esters, and Acid Anhydrides01:16

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Naming Acid Halides
The IUPAC and common names of acid halides are derived from the corresponding carboxylic acids, by changing “ic acid” to “yl halide.” For example, as shown below, the IUPAC name ethanoyl chloride is derived from ethanoic acid, and the common name, acetyl chloride, is obtained from acetic acid.
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Chemical Ionization (CI) Mass Spectrometry01:21

Chemical Ionization (CI) Mass Spectrometry

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The molecular ion peak of a molecule in the mass spectrum provides vital information for molecular identification. However, conventional electron impact ionization can lead to the rapid dissociation of some molecular ions before they reach the detector. A milder ionization method is required to increase the lifetime of such ionized analyte molecules. Chemical ionization (CI) is a gas-phase protonation reaction useful for mass-analyzing analyte molecules that are easily protonated to yield the...
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Molecular Compounds: Formulas and Nomenclature03:10

Molecular Compounds: Formulas and Nomenclature

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Molecular compounds or covalent compounds result when atoms share electrons to form covalent bonds. Since there is no electron transfer, molecular compounds do not contain ions; instead, they consist of discrete, neutral molecules. 
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IUPAC Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acids01:16

IUPAC Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acids

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IUPAC names of carboxylic acids are systematically derived following a few rules discussed below.
For acyclic saturated monocarboxylic acids, the longest hydrocarbon chain containing the –COOH carbon is identified as the parent chain. Then, the last -e of the parent hydrocarbon name is replaced with a suffix -oic acid.
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Exceptions to the Octet Rule02:55

Exceptions to the Octet Rule

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Many covalent molecules have central atoms that do not have eight electrons in their Lewis structures. These molecules fall into three categories:
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 1, 2026

Synthesis of Antiviral Tetrahydrocarbazole Derivatives by Photochemical and Acid-catalyzed C-H Functionalization via Intermediate Peroxides CHIPS
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Synthesis of Antiviral Tetrahydrocarbazole Derivatives by Photochemical and Acid-catalyzed C-H Functionalization via Intermediate Peroxides CHIPS

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CHIP, ICUS, CCUS and other four-letter words.

R Bejar1

  • 1Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of California, San Diego, Moores Cancer Center, La Jolla, CA, USA.

Leukemia
|June 9, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Clonal hematopoiesis, common with age, involves mutations in blood cells. Its clinical significance varies, impacting risk assessment and treatment decisions for patients.

Area of Science:

  • Hematology
  • Genetics
  • Oncology

Background:

  • Clonal hematopoiesis (CH) is the presence of somatic mutations in hematopoietic stem cells.
  • Advances in DNA sequencing reveal CH is common across various clinical settings.
  • The clinical implications of CH are highly context-dependent.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the implications of clonal hematopoiesis in different clinical contexts.
  • To highlight how understanding CH influences medical decision-making.
  • To examine CH in normal aging, aplastic anemia, cytopenias, and chemotherapy patients.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on clonal hematopoiesis.
  • Analysis of the impact of clone size and driver mutations.
  • Examination of CH in diverse patient populations.

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Efficient Synthesis of All-Carbon Quaternary Centers via the Conjugate Addition of Functionalized Monoorganozinc Bromides
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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Mar 1, 2026

Synthesis of Antiviral Tetrahydrocarbazole Derivatives by Photochemical and Acid-catalyzed C-H Functionalization via Intermediate Peroxides CHIPS
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Synthesis of Antiviral Tetrahydrocarbazole Derivatives by Photochemical and Acid-catalyzed C-H Functionalization via Intermediate Peroxides CHIPS

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Isolation and Cultivation of Neural Progenitors Followed by Chromatin-Immunoprecipitation of Histone 3 Lysine 79 Dimethylation Mark
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Efficient Synthesis of All-Carbon Quaternary Centers via the Conjugate Addition of Functionalized Monoorganozinc Bromides
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Efficient Synthesis of All-Carbon Quaternary Centers via the Conjugate Addition of Functionalized Monoorganozinc Bromides

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Main Results:

  • CH prevalence increases with age, particularly after 50.
  • Small clones in healthy individuals are generally benign.
  • Larger clones and more driver mutations in abnormal hematopoiesis indicate higher risk.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding the clinical context of CH is crucial for risk stratification.
  • CH assessment guides therapeutic strategies and patient counseling.
  • CH has significant implications across various hematologic conditions.