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Azo-Based Fluorogenic Probes for Biosensing and Bioimaging: Recent Advances and Upcoming Challenges.

Arnaud Chevalier1, Pierre-Yves Renard1, Anthony Romieu2,3

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Azo dyes act as "ON-OFF" switches for fluorescence in optical bioprobes, enabling sensitive detection of enzymes and analytes. Recent advances focus on azobenzene-caged fluorophores for biosensing and bioimaging applications.

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FRETazo compoundsbiosensorsfluorescenceimaging agents

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Area of Science:

  • Chemical Biology
  • Molecular Imaging
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Azo dyes have been utilized as nonfluorescent quenchers in Förster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) based optical bioprobes for enzyme detection for over 20 years.
  • The azo moiety (-N=N-) functions as an efficient fluorescence "ON-OFF" switch when integrated into organic fluorophores.
  • This property has led to the development of novel reaction-based small-molecule probes utilizing the "profluorescence" concept.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advancements in the design of azo-based fluorogenic probes.
  • To highlight their applications in biosensing and bioimaging.
  • To discuss the synthesis of bioconjugatable and biocompatible azo dyes for constructing fluorescent chemodosimeters.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent literature on azo-based fluorogenic probes.
  • Analysis of synthetic strategies for azo dye bioconjugation.
  • Evaluation of biosensing and bioimaging applications.

Main Results:

  • Azobenzene-caged fluorophores offer a powerful platform for detecting various reactive analytes.
  • Advances in synthesis enable the creation of biocompatible azo dyes for probe construction.
  • These probes demonstrate significant potential in biosensing and bioimaging.

Conclusions:

  • Azo-based fluorogenic probes represent a significant development in molecular sensing.
  • The rational design and synthesis of these probes facilitate diverse biomedical applications.
  • Future applications in theranostics are anticipated for these "smart" azobenzene-based molecular systems.