Related Experiment Video
Updated: Mar 1, 2026

Subject-specific Musculoskeletal Model for Studying Bone Strain During Dynamic Motion
Published on: April 11, 2018
High-Risk Stress Fractures in Elite Athletes
Michael Isiah Sandlin1, Andrew J Rosenbaum, Cyrus E Taghavi
1Orthopaedic Surgery Foot and Ankle Fellow, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California.
Abstract:
Surgeons should understand common factors that predispose high-level athletes to stress injuries as well as the importance of vitamin D and specifics related to vascular supply, location of injury, biomechanics, and susceptibility factors in high-level athletes who have stress injuries. Surgeons should be aware of diagnostic- and management-based recommendations for and the outcomes of anterior tibia, medial malleolus, tarsal navicular, and proximal fifth metatarsal stress fractures in professional athletes.
Related Concept Videos
Stress Concentrations
Stress-Strain Diagram - Brittle Materials
Fatigue
Exercise Stress Test
Exercise stress testing, commonly known as a treadmill test, is a noninvasive procedure used to evaluate cardiovascular function and diagnose heart conditions.
Definition
An exercise stress test measures the heart's response to exertion using a treadmill or stationary bicycle. Chest electrodes record the heart's electrical activity through an ECG, and blood pressure is monitored regularly.
Purposes
Fractures: Bone Repair
Minor fractures with no bone displacement are treated by immobilizing the fractured bone using a cast or splint. However, in the case of fractures with displaced bones, the broken bones are repositioned before immobilization to ensure successful healing without deformation and loss of function. The realignment of fractured bone ends is performed through a process called reduction. If the...
Exercise and Cardiovascular Response
Light to moderate physical activity initiates a series of interconnected responses in the body. The heart rate modestly increases in anticipation of the workout, followed by widespread vasodilation as oxygen consumption by skeletal muscles increases. This results in decreased peripheral resistance, increased capillary blood flow, and accelerated...

