[Aphasia: a neuronal network disorder]

Language processing requires the coordinated interaction of local and distant neural populations within distributed networks of the temporal, frontal and parietal brain regions. Poststroke aphasia is the consequence of both local as well as remote dysfunction within language-specific and domain-general networks. Language recovery, in turn, rests on reorganization processes within these networks. These comprise the resolution of an acute network failure (i. e. diaschisis), the subacute activation of right hemisphere homologous regions and the gradual reintegration of left hemisphere remote and perilesional areas. The application of unifocal noninvasive brain stimulation over these regions provides a means of modulating neural plasticity in order to enhance the reorganization processes underlying language recovery. The lack of knowledge as to the optimal stimulation site, the appropriate stimulation protocol and the proper timing of interventions might explain the only marginal effects of brain stimulation adjunct to speech and language therapy. In addition, individually different contributions of left and right hemisphere regions to recovery due to heterogeneous lesion sites among patients limit the possibility to identify general principles for brain stimulation. The assumption that aphasia is not only the consequence of the focal effect of a brain lesion but arises from remote dysfunctions within associated functional networks ignites the concept for individualized, potentially multifocal therapeutic network modulation.