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Related Concept Videos

Hypoxia01:23

Hypoxia

2.4K
Hypoxia is a medical condition characterized by an inadequate oxygen supply to body tissues. It typically manifests as a bluish discoloration of the skin and mucosae, especially in fair-skinned individuals, when hemoglobin (Hb) saturation drops below 75%.
Types of Hypoxia
There are four primary types of hypoxia, each resulting from a different cause:
1. Anemic hypoxia: This type occurs due to insufficient oxygen delivery caused by a lack of red blood cells (RBCs) or RBCs with abnormal or...
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Adaptive Mechanisms in Cancer Cells02:53

Adaptive Mechanisms in Cancer Cells

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Cancer cells accumulate genetic changes at an abnormally rapid rate due to the defects in the DNA repair mechanisms. From an evolutionary perspective, such genetic instability is advantageous for cancer development. Mutant cell lines accumulate a series of beneficial mutations that contribute to their progression into cancer.
Some of the advantages that cancer cells have on normal cells include - enhanced ability to divide without terminally differentiating, induce new blood vessel formation,...
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Bone Disorders01:29

Bone Disorders

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Aging and its effect on bone remodeling is the most common cause of bone disorders. In young and healthy people, bone deposition and resorption happen at an equal rate to maintain optimal bone health.
Bone deposition is also affected by the levels of sex hormones like estrogen and testosterone that promote osteoblast activity and bone matrix synthesis. When the level of these hormones decreases due to aging, it causes a reduction in bone deposition. As a result, bone resorption by osteoclasts...
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Osteoclasts in Bone Remodeling01:31

Osteoclasts in Bone Remodeling

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Osteoclasts are cells responsible for bone resorption and remodeling. They originate from hematopoietic progenitor cells present in the bone marrow. Numerous progenitor cells fuse to form multinucleated cells, each with 10-20 nuclei. A single osteoclast has a diameter of 150 to 200 µM. These cells have ruffled borders that break down the underlying bone tissue and release minerals such as calcium into the blood in bone resorption. Osteoclasts cling to bones with their ruffled edges during...
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Metastasis02:30

Metastasis

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Metastasis is the spread of cancer cells from the original site to distant locations in the body. Cancer cells can spread via blood vessels (hematogenous) as well as lymph vessels in the body.
Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition
The epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition or EMT is a developmental process commonly observed in wound healing, embryogenesis, and cancer metastasis. EMT is induced by transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) or receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) ligands, which further...
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Bone Remodeling01:40

Bone Remodeling

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Bone remodeling is a continuous and balanced process of bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation by osteoblasts. In adults, it helps maintain bone mass and calcium homeostasis. While mechanical stress can stimulate turnover as part of the normal maintenance and reparative process, several hormones also regulate bone remodeling.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 28, 2026

Models of Bone Metastasis
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Hypoxia and Bone Metastatic Disease.

Rachelle W Johnson1,2,3, Miranda E Sowder4,5, Amato J Giaccia6

  • 1Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA. rachelle.johnson@vanderbilt.edu.

Current Osteoporosis Reports
|June 10, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Low oxygen levels (hypoxia) in the bone marrow promote cancer metastasis and colonization. Understanding these bone marrow oxygen tensions is crucial for developing new cancer therapies.

Keywords:
BoneBreast cancerColonizationHypoxiaMetastasis

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Models of Bone Metastasis
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In Vivo Model for Testing Effect of Hypoxia on Tumor Metastasis
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Intra-iliac Artery Injection for Efficient and Selective Modeling of Microscopic Bone Metastasis
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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Cell Biology
  • Biomedical Imaging

Background:

  • The bone marrow presents a unique, relatively hypoxic microenvironment.
  • Oxygen levels within the bone marrow are not uniform and exhibit fluctuations.
  • Tumor metastasis to the bone marrow is a significant clinical challenge.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current knowledge on bone marrow oxygen tensions.
  • To elucidate the role of hypoxia in regulating tumor metastasis and colonization of the bone marrow.
  • To highlight the impact of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) signaling in bone metastasis.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing scientific literature and research findings.
  • Analysis of evidence from multiple research groups.
  • Discussion of recent advances in imaging techniques for bone oxygenation.

Main Results:

  • Hypoxia and HIF signaling appear to drive spontaneous bone metastasis.
  • Hypoxia promotes the colonization of the bone marrow by tumor cells, especially in breast cancer.
  • Characterizing bone oxygenation patterns is improving but faces technical challenges.

Conclusions:

  • Hypoxia plays a critical role in tumor cell dissemination to the bone marrow.
  • Further research is needed to fully understand oxygenation patterns and hypoxia's role in bone metastasis.
  • Targeting hypoxia or HIF signaling may offer therapeutic strategies for bone metastases.