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P-N junction

P-N junction

A p-n junction is formed when p-type and n-type semiconductor materials are joined together. At the interface of the p-n junction, holes from the p-side and electrons from the n-side begin to diffuse into the opposite sides due to the concentration gradient. This diffusion of carriers leads to a region around the junction where there are no free charge carriers, known as the depletion region. The charge density within the depletion region for the n-side and p-side can be described by the...

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Updated: Feb 28, 2026

Influence of Hybrid Perovskite Fabrication Methods on Film Formation, Electronic Structure, and Solar Cell Performance

Influence of Hybrid Perovskite Fabrication Methods on Film Formation, Electronic Structure, and Solar Cell Performance

Published on: February 27, 2017

Efficient Flexible Solar Cell based on Composition-Tailored Hybrid Perovskite.

Cheng Bi¹, Bo Chen¹, Haotong Wei¹

¹Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering and Nebraska Center for Materials and Nanoscience, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588-0656, USA.

Advanced Materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)

|June 10, 2017

Summary

Flexible organic-inorganic hybrid perovskite (OIHP) solar cells achieve record 18.1% efficiency. Optimized precursor ratios improve film quality, overcoming limitations on flexible substrates for efficient, low-temperature solution processing.

Keywords:

composition-tailored flexible devices low temperature solution process perovskite solar cells

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Last Updated: Feb 28, 2026

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Area of Science:

Materials Science
Renewable Energy
Photovoltaics

Background:

Organic-inorganic hybrid perovskites (OIHPs) show promise for lightweight, flexible solar cells due to low-temperature processing.
Current flexible OIHP devices exhibit lower efficiencies compared to rigid counterparts, hindering widespread adoption.

Purpose of the Study:

To identify and address the limiting factors hindering efficiency in flexible OIHP solar cells.
To optimize perovskite film deposition conditions for flexible substrates.
To achieve high-efficiency flexible perovskite solar cells via solution processing.

Main Methods:

Investigated varying perovskite film deposition conditions tailored for flexible substrates.
Optimized precursor ratios to achieve desired film morphology and quality.
Employed low-temperature (≤100 °C) solution processing on indium tin oxide/poly(ethylene terephthalate) substrates.

Main Results:

Identified substrate-dependent deposition conditions as critical for flexible OIHP film morphology.
Optimized precursor ratios led to high-quality films with enhanced properties: longer radiative carrier recombination lifetime, reduced trap states, minimal precursor residue, and uniform, pinhole-free surfaces.
Achieved a record 18.1% power conversion efficiency for flexible perovskite solar cells.

Conclusions:

Tailoring perovskite film deposition is crucial for maximizing efficiency in flexible solar cells.
Optimized precursor compositions and low-temperature solution processing enable high-performance flexible OIHP devices.
This advancement paves the way for efficient and lightweight flexible perovskite solar technology.