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Related Concept Videos

Metabolic States of the Body: Fasting and Starvation01:24

Metabolic States of the Body: Fasting and Starvation

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During the initial hours of fasting, the body uses up its glycogen stores as an energy source. Once these glycogen reserves are depleted, the body begins breaking down stored triglycerides and structural proteins. During this stage, glycerol becomes a key substrate for gluconeogenesis, while free fatty acids undergo beta-oxidation to provide energy for tissues, such as skeletal muscle. In the fasting state, the body spares protein breakdown as much as possible to conserve muscle and structural...
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Metabolic States of the Body: The Postabsorptive State01:18

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The postabsorptive state usually starts about four hours after a meal and lasts until the next meal is eaten. During this time, the digestive system stops absorbing nutrients, and the body uses stored energy reserves to maintain stable blood glucose levels.
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Muscle fatigue refers to the decline in a muscle's ability to maintain the force of contraction after prolonged activity. It primarily stems from changes within muscle fibers. Even before experiencing muscle fatigue, one may feel tired and have the urge to stop the activity. This response, known as central fatigue, occurs due to changes in the central nervous system, namely the brain and spinal cord. While there is no single mechanism that induces fatigue, it may serve as a protective...
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Glucose Homeostasis: Regulation of Blood Glucose01:02

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Carbohydrates consumed through foods are converted into glucose, a crucial energy source for the body. In the prandial state, high blood glucose levels stimulate the secretion of insulin from the pancreas. Insulin inhibits hepatic glucose production and stimulates glucose uptake and metabolism by muscle and adipose tissue. The excess glucose is converted into glycogen and stored in the liver and muscles.
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Pyruvate is the end product of glycolysis, where glucose is oxidized to pyruvate, simultaneously reducing NAD+ to NADH. Two molecules of ATP are also produced by substrate-level phosphorylation.
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Insulin is released by beta cells of the pancreas when blood glucose levels are high. It facilitates glucose absorption and utilization in insulin-dependent cells with insulin receptors on their plasma membranes. Insulin promotes glucose uptake by increasing the number of glucose transport proteins in the cell membrane, allowing glucose to enter the cell. As a result, glucose utilization and ATP production are enhanced.
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Updated: Feb 28, 2026

Evaluation of Blood Lactate and Plasma Insulin During High-intensity Exercise by Antecubital Vein Catheterization
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Ketones and Human Performance.

Jonathan M Scott, Patricia A Deuster

    Journal of Special Operations Medicine : a Peer Reviewed Journal for SOF Medical Professionals
    |June 10, 2017
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Ketones and ketosis do not currently enhance performance for Special Operations Forces (SOF). Individualized nutritional strategies are recommended over ketogenic diets or supplements for SOF operators.

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    Area of Science:

    • Sports Nutrition
    • Metabolic Science
    • Human Performance

    Background:

    • Ketones and ketosis are metabolic states where the body primarily uses ketones for energy.
    • Ketosis can be induced through prolonged fasting or a ketogenic diet.
    • Ketone supplements offer an alternative, rapid method to achieve ketosis.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To evaluate the potential of ketosis as a performance enhancer.
    • To review the existing literature on ketogenic diets and exercise performance.
    • To address unanswered questions regarding ketones for Special Operations Forces (SOF).

    Main Methods:

    • Review of scientific literature on ketogenic diets and performance.
    • Analysis of studies investigating the effects of ketosis on exercise capacity.
    • Discussion of methods for measuring ketone status.

    Main Results:

    • Few studies show positive results for ketogenic diets on performance; most are equivocal or negative.
    • Current evidence does not support ketogenic diets or supplements for enhancing SOF performance.
    • Potential benefits and risks of ketosis were examined.

    Conclusions:

    • Ketogenic diets and ketone supplements do not currently offer performance benefits for SOF.
    • Operators should consult unit dietitians for personalized nutrition plans.
    • Further research is needed to fully understand the role of ketones in performance.