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Related Concept Videos

Autophagy01:27

Autophagy

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Autophagy is a self-digesting process by which a cell protects itself from threats both within and outside the cell, ranging from abnormal proteins to invading bacteria. In this process, obsolete components of the cell and invading microbes are degraded by hydrolytic enzymes active in an acidic environment of the lysosomal lumen.
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The targeted cancer therapies, also known as “molecular targeted therapies,” take advantage of the molecular and genetic differences between the cancer cells and the normal cells. It needs a thorough understanding of the cancer cells to develop drugs that can target specific molecular aspects that drive the growth, progression, and spread of cancer cells without affecting the growth and survival of other normal cells in the body.
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Eukaryotic cells use different mechanisms to eliminate toxic waste obsolete and worn-out substances. Lysosomes play a pivotal role in this, and hence, these substances are carried to the lysosome from other parts of the cell and extracellular space through different pathways. The most elaborately studied pathways to the lysosome are the endocytic pathways.
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Autophagic Cell Death01:18

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Christian de Duve discovered “autophagy,” a process in which cellular components are engulfed by membrane-bound organelles called autophagosomes. The autophagosomes then fuse with lysosomes to digest the enclosed contents. Autophagy is generally activated in cells to prevent cell death. However, cell death is triggered when the damage is beyond repair.
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The mammalian target of rapamycin or mTOR protein was discovered in 1994 due to its direct interaction with rapamycin. The protein gets its name from a yeast homolog called TOR. The mTOR protein complex in mammalian cells plays a major role in balancing anabolic processes such as the synthesis of proteins, lipids, and nucleotides and catabolic processes, such as autophagy in response to environmental cues, such as availability of nutrients and growth factors.
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Targeting autophagy in multiple myeloma.

Zhuang Yun1, Jin Zhichao2, Yao Hao1

  • 1Hematology Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Hanzhong Road No.155, Baixia District, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu Province, China; Nanjing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xianlin Avenue No.138, Qixia District, Nanjing 210046, Jiangsu Province, China.

Leukemia Research
|June 10, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Autophagy, a cellular process, is crucial in multiple myeloma. Modulating autophagy offers therapeutic potential by inducing cancer cell death or reversing drug resistance, impacting treatment strategies.

Keywords:
Autophagic cell deathAutophagyComplicationsDrug resistanceMultiple myeloma

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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Oncology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Autophagy is a key cellular process involved in multiple myeloma pathogenesis.
  • It functions as a pro-survival mechanism, aiding myeloma cell homeostasis with the ubiquitin proteasome system.
  • Dysregulation of autophagy contributes to drug resistance and disease complications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent research on the role of autophagy in multiple myeloma.
  • To explore autophagy's impact on therapeutic efficacy and drug resistance reversal.
  • To examine autophagy's involvement in myeloma-related complications.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent studies on autophagy in multiple myeloma.
  • Analysis of research investigating autophagy modulation for therapeutic benefit.
  • Examination of studies focusing on autophagy's role in drug resistance and complications.

Main Results:

  • Autophagy inhibition can induce myeloma cell death and synergize with proteasome inhibitors.
  • Excessive autophagy activation may lead to autophagic cell death, a potential therapeutic strategy.
  • Autophagy mediates drug resistance and complications in multiple myeloma, with inhibition potentially reversing these effects.

Conclusions:

  • Targeting autophagy presents a dual therapeutic strategy in multiple myeloma: inhibition for cell death or activation for autophagic cell death.
  • Understanding autophagy's role is critical for overcoming drug resistance and managing complications.
  • Further research into autophagy modulation holds promise for novel multiple myeloma treatments.