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Related Concept Videos

Attachment of Sister Chromatids02:57

Attachment of Sister Chromatids

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As cells progress into mitosis, the nuclear envelope breaks down, and the condensed chromosomes are exposed to the array of bipolar microtubules of the mitotic spindle. The kinetochore, a large, disc-shaped protein complex, is present at the centromere region of the sister chromatids and acts as a binding site for the microtubules.  Usually, the plus-end of a single microtubule is embedded within the kinetochore. However, some kinetochores first establish lateral contact with the side-wall...
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Nondisjunction01:29

Nondisjunction

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During meiosis, chromosomes occasionally separate improperly. This occurs due to failure of homologous chromosome separation during meiosis I or failed sister chromatid separation during meiosis II. In some species, notably plants, nondisjunction can result in an organism with an entire additional set of chromosomes, which is called polyploidy. In humans, nondisjunction can occur during male or female gametogenesis and the resulting gametes possess one too many or one too few chromosomes.
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Nondisjunction01:21

Nondisjunction

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Nondisjunction is the failure of homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids to separate correctly and move to the opposite poles of the cells. This produces daughter cells with abnormal chromosome numbers.  Nondisjunction is common during anaphase I or anaphase II of meiosis.  Mutations in synaptonemal complex proteins that attach homologous chromosomes increase the chances of nondisjunction in anaphase I of meiosis I. In contrast, mutations in topoisomerases and condensins that hold...
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The Spindle Assembly Checkpoint02:19

The Spindle Assembly Checkpoint

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The spindle assembly checkpoint is a molecular surveillance mechanism ensuring the fidelity of chromosome segregation during anaphase. The checkpoint monitors the completion of all the prerequisite steps before chromosome segregation to determine whether the segregation process should proceed or be delayed.
Many proteins function together to control the spindle assembly checkpoint. Mutations affecting these proteins may allow cells to proceed into anaphase prematurely, resulting in the...
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Meiosis vs. Mitosis02:57

Meiosis vs. Mitosis

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Cell division is necessary for growth and reproduction in organisms. Mitosis aids cell growth and development by dividing somatic cells. In contrast, meiosis causes the division of germ cells and plays an essential role in sexual reproduction. Due to their unique functional requirements, mitosis and meiosis differ from each other in multiple aspects.
Before the start of mitosis and meiosis I, the cell synthesizes DNA, resulting in two homologous copies of each chromosome. DNA synthesis is...
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Forces Acting on Chromosomes02:11

Forces Acting on Chromosomes

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During mitosis, chromosome movements occur through the interplay of multiple piconewton level forces. In prometaphase, these forces help in chromosome assembly or congression at the equatorial plane, eventually leading to their alignment at the metaphase plate. The forces acting on the chromosomes are space and time-dependent; therefore, they vary with the position of the chromosomes as the cell progresses through mitosis. 
Microtubules and motor proteins exert two types of forces on...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 28, 2026

Immunofluorescence Analysis of Endogenous and Exogenous Centromere-kinetochore Proteins
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Immunofluorescence Analysis of Endogenous and Exogenous Centromere-kinetochore Proteins

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Kinetochore Malfunction in Human Pathologies.

Bas de Wolf1, Geert J P L Kops2,3,4

  • 1Hubrecht Institute - KNAW (Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences), Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT, Utrecht, The Netherlands.

Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology
|June 11, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Accurate cell division requires proper kinetochore function to ensure correct chromosome segregation. Kinetochore defects lead to aneuploidy, causing developmental disorders and cancer.

Keywords:
AneuploidyCancerCell divisionChromosomal instabilityDevelopmentKinetochoreMicrocephaly

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Immunofluorescence Analysis of Endogenous and Exogenous Centromere-kinetochore Proteins
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Immunofluorescence Analysis of Endogenous and Exogenous Centromere-kinetochore Proteins

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Using Mouse Oocytes to Assess Human Gene Function During Meiosis I
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Live Cell Imaging to Assess the Dynamics of Metaphase Timing and Cell Fate Following Mitotic Spindle Perturbations
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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Genetics
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • The cell cycle's final stage, mitosis, ensures equal DNA distribution to daughter cells.
  • Faithful chromosome segregation depends on precise kinetochore-microtubule connections.
  • Kinetochores are crucial protein complexes for error correction and checkpoint signaling.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide an overview of faithful chromosome segregation mechanisms.
  • To explain the role of kinetochores in preventing aneuploidization.
  • To discuss how kinetochore malfunction contributes to human diseases.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of cell cycle regulation and kinetochore function.
  • Analysis of genetic and molecular pathways involved in chromosome segregation.
  • Review of clinical data linking kinetochore defects to pathologies.

Main Results:

  • Kinetochore-microtubule attachments are essential for accurate chromosome segregation.
  • Kinetochore dysfunction results in aneuploidy, leading to chromosomal instability.
  • Mutations in kinetochore proteins are linked to microcephaly and cancer.

Conclusions:

  • Proper kinetochore function is vital for preventing aneuploidization and maintaining genomic stability.
  • Kinetochore defects are implicated in severe developmental disorders and cancer.
  • Understanding kinetochore biology is key to addressing associated human pathologies.