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The complement system is a group of approximately 20 plasma proteins that strengthen the body's defenses against infections through opsonization, inflammation, and cell lysis. Opsonization involves coating pathogens with complement proteins, making them more recognizable and facilitating phagocyte engulfment. Certain complement proteins induce inflammation that attracts immune cells to the site of infection. Cell lysis involves the destruction of pathogens through the formation of a...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 28, 2026

Evaluation of the Interplay Between the Complement Protein C1q and Hyaluronic Acid in Promoting Cell Adhesion
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C1q: A fresh look upon an old molecule.

Nicole M Thielens1, Francesco Tedesco2, Suzanne S Bohlson3

  • 1Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, IBS, F-38000 Grenoble, France.

Molecular Immunology
|June 12, 2017
PubMed
Summary

C1q, initially known for complement activation, plays crucial roles in immunity, tissue repair, and brain function. This review explores its diverse functions beyond the classical complement pathway.

Keywords:
AutoimmunityComplement C1qNeurobiologyPregnancyTumorWound healing

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Neuroscience

Background:

  • C1q is a glycoprotein initiating the classical complement pathway.
  • It comprises 18 polypeptide chains with distinct functional regions.
  • C1q regulates cellular processes independently of complement activation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize classical C1q functions.
  • To review novel discoveries regarding C1q's roles.
  • To highlight C1q's involvement in diverse physiological and pathological processes.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of classical and recent C1q research.
  • Analysis of C1q's molecular structure and function.
  • Synthesis of findings across immunology, tissue repair, and neuroscience.

Main Results:

  • C1q enhances phagocytosis and regulates cytokine production and T-lymphocyte maturation.
  • C1q is implicated in pregnancy, tissue repair, and cancer.
  • C1q is vital for neuronal network refinement and CNS homeostasis.

Conclusions:

  • C1q possesses multifaceted functions extending beyond complement initiation.
  • Emerging roles in autoimmunity prevention, tissue homeostasis, and neurological function are significant.
  • C1q represents a key target for understanding and potentially treating various diseases.