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Related Concept Videos

Bones of the Upper Limb: Radius01:09

Bones of the Upper Limb: Radius

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The radius is longer of the two bones that make up the human antebrachium or forearm. At the proximal end, the radius articulates with the capitulum of the humerus and the radial notch of the ulna to form the elbow joint. At the distal end, the radius articulates with the ulna via the ulnar notch, forming the distal radioulnar joint. Distally, the radius also attaches to the carpal wrist bones (scaphoid and lunate) to form the radiocarpal joint.
The radius has a nail-shaped head, and a...
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Spinal Nerves: Plexus I01:22

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Bones of the Upper Limb: Ulna01:15

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The ulna and radius are parallel bones of the antebrachium or the forearm. The ulna lies medially and consists of a bony tip called the olecranon process at its proximal end. This hook-like projection articulates with the olecranon fossa of the humerus and forms the "hinged" ulnohumeral part of the elbow joint. This joint facilitates forearm extension and flexion while preventing its hyperextension. Similarly, the coronoid process, another bony projection on the proximal/anterior side...
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Assessment of radial pulse01:11

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Assessment of Radial Pulse
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Assessment of apical radial pulse01:25

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Apical-Radial (A-R) Pulse Assessment
The A-R pulse assessment involves simultaneous evaluation of the apical and radial pulses. When the apical and radial pulse rates vary, this assessment helps identify a pulse deficit.
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The muscles of the forearm that move the wrist, hand, and digits are numerous and diverse. They can be classified into two groups based on their location and function — the anterior and posterior compartment muscles.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 28, 2026

Vascularized Composite Hand Allograft Procurement and Preparation for Distal and Proximal Forearm Allotransplantation: A Stepwise Approach
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Current Concepts in Radial Club Hand.

Takehiko Takagi1,2, Atsuhito Seki2, Shinichiro Takayama2

  • 1Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Surgical Science, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa, Japan.

The Open Orthopaedics Journal
|June 13, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Radial club hand is a congenital upper extremity abnormality. Surgical corrections like centralization, radialization, and Ilizarov fixation aim to restore function and prevent recurrence.

Keywords:
CentralizationRadial club handRadializationRadius lengthening

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Area of Science:

  • Orthopedics
  • Congenital Abnormalities
  • Pediatric Surgery

Background:

  • Radial club hand is a congenital condition affecting the upper extremity's radial border, with varying severity from thumb hypoplasia to complete radius absence.
  • Current treatments focus on surgical correction to improve hand and wrist function.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and compare various surgical techniques for treating radial club hand.
  • To highlight methods for preventing recurrence and managing complications.

Main Methods:

  • Review of surgical interventions including centralization with tendon transfer, radialization, microvascular epiphysis transfer, and gradual correction using the Ilizarov method.
  • Discussion of adjunctive procedures like lunate excision or ulnar shortening for tension-free correction.
  • Consideration of mild case management involving radius lengthening with soft-tissue distraction.

Main Results:

  • Centralization with tendon transfer is a common approach.
  • Various techniques address different severities (Bayne Type III/IV) and aim to prevent radial deformity recurrence.
  • Gradual correction with Ilizarov external fixation is effective for severe cases, while mild cases benefit from radius lengthening.

Conclusions:

  • Surgical correction of radial club hand requires careful consideration of recurrence and circulatory impairment.
  • Technique selection depends on the severity of radial deviation and forearm length.
  • A combination of methods may be necessary for optimal outcomes in complex congenital cases.