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Heterogeneous Catalysis

Heterogeneous Catalysis

Heterogeneous catalysis involves a catalyst in a different phase from the reactants. It is a process where the catalyst and the reactants are in distinct phases, typically solid and gas or liquid.Most heterogeneous catalysts are metals, metal oxides, or acids. The list includes transition metals like iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), palladium (Pd), platinum (Pt), chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), tungsten (W), silver (Ag), and copper (Cu). These metals possess partially vacant d orbitals that...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 28, 2026

Photochemical Oxidative Growth of Iridium Oxide Nanoparticles on CdSe@CdS Nanorods

Photochemical Oxidative Growth of Iridium Oxide Nanoparticles on CdSe@CdS Nanorods

Published on: February 11, 2016

Understanding iridium oxide nanoparticle surface sites by their interaction with catechol.

Daniel Finkelstein-Shapiro¹, Maxime Fournier, Dalvin D Méndez-Hernández

¹Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1604, USA. dfs@asu.edu.

Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics : PCCP

|June 13, 2017

Summary

Iridium oxide nanoparticles have two binding sites for catechol. The catalytically active sites are identified, providing guidelines for using these electrocatalysts in solar energy applications.

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Last Updated: Feb 28, 2026

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Area of Science:

Materials Science
Electrochemistry
Catalysis

Background:

Iridium oxide (IrO_x) is a highly effective electrocatalyst for water splitting.
Understanding the active sites of heterogeneous catalysts like IrO_x nanoparticles (NPs) is crucial but challenging.
Current methods for quantifying active sites in IrO_x NPs are unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

To characterize the interaction of IrO_x NPs with catechol using a multidisciplinary approach.
To identify and quantify different types of binding sites on the IrO_x surface.
To determine the catalytically active sites and provide guidelines for IrO_x NP application in solar energy.

Main Methods:

Combined study involving optical spectroscopy, magnetic resonance, and electrochemistry.
Utilized catechol as a probe molecule to interact with IrO_x nanoparticle surfaces.
Electrochemical experiments to determine catalytic activity and quantify active sites per nanoparticle.

Main Results:

Identified two distinct binding sites: irreversible (A sites, 21%) and reversible (B sites, 79%).
UV-vis spectroscopy confirmed A sites are responsible for the blue color of IrO_x NPs.
Electrochemical data revealed B sites are catalytically active, with the number of active sites per nanoparticle quantified.

Conclusions:

The catalytically active sites (B sites) on IrO_x NPs have been identified and quantified.
Quantitative guidelines are provided for selecting ligands in solar cell architectures to optimize IrO_x NP performance.
Ligand binding on surface oxygen atoms is suggested for high density and maintained catalytic activity.