Intercellular transfer of organelles during body pigmentation

The intercellular transfer of the melanin-producing organelle, called melanosome, from melanocytes to adjacent keratinocytes, is largely responsible for the coat colors and skin pigmentation of amniotes (birds, reptiles, and mammals). Although several hypotheses of melanin-transfer were proposed mainly by in vitro studies and electron microscopies, how the melanosome transfer takes place in the actual skin remained unclear. With advances in technologies of gene manipulations and high-resolution microscopy that allow direct visualization of plasma membrane, we are beginning to understand the amazing behaviors and dynamics of melanocytes. Studies in melanosome transfer further provide a clue to understand a general principle of intercellular organelle transport, including the intercellular translocations of mitochondria.