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Related Concept Videos

Tumor Immunotherapy01:27

Tumor Immunotherapy

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Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
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The Tumor Microenvironment02:17

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Every normal cell or tissue is embedded in a complex local environment called stroma, consisting of different cell types, a basal membrane, and blood vessels. As normal cells mutate and develop into cancer cells, their local environment also changes to allow cancer progression. The tumor microenvironment (TME) consists of a complex cellular matrix of stromal cells and the developing tumor. The cross-talk between cancer cells and surrounding stromal cells is critical to disrupt normal tissue...
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Regulation of Hematopoietic Stem Cells01:01

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All blood and immune cells are produced from the multipotent hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) by the process of hematopoiesis. However, they all have a limited life span. In addition, many are depleted in immune surveillance or combatting an injury or infection. This makes blood one of the most regenerative tissues. Hematopoiesis helps replenish these blood and immune cells, restoring the body's normal functioning. However, overproduction of blood and immune cells can make them cancerous or...
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Adaptive Mechanisms in Cancer Cells02:53

Adaptive Mechanisms in Cancer Cells

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Cancer cells accumulate genetic changes at an abnormally rapid rate due to the defects in the DNA repair mechanisms. From an evolutionary perspective, such genetic instability is advantageous for cancer development. Mutant cell lines accumulate a series of beneficial mutations that contribute to their progression into cancer.
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Mitogens and the Cell Cycle02:38

Mitogens and the Cell Cycle

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Mitogens and their receptors play a crucial role in controlling the progression of the cell cycle. However, the loss of mitogenic control over cell division leads to tumor formation. Therefore, mitogens and mitogen receptors play an important role in cancer research. For instance, the epidermal growth factor (EGF) - a type of mitogen and its transmembrane receptor (EGFR), decides the fate of the cell's proliferation. When EGF binds to EGFR, a member of the ErbB family of tyrosine kinase...
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Cancer Stem Cells and Tumor Maintenance02:40

Cancer Stem Cells and Tumor Maintenance

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Early diagnosis and treatment can often cure cancer. However, even with treatment, residual cells called cancer stem cells (CSC) might remain, often causing tumor recurrence. These cancer stem cells possess the potential for self-renewal and multi-lineage differentiation and are often responsible for the therapeutic resistance displayed in most cancers.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 28, 2026

Studying the Effects of Tumor-Secreted Paracrine Ligands on Macrophage Activation using Co-Culture with Permeable Membrane Supports
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Tumor-derived factors affecting immune cells.

Vincenzo Russo1, Maria Pia Protti2

  • 1Immuno-Biotherapy of Melanoma and Solid Tumors Unit, Division of Experimental Oncology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, DIBIT, Via Olgettina 58, 20132, Milan, Italy.

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Tumor microenvironment factors create immunosuppressive networks that promote cancer progression. Inhibiting these factors can reprogram immune cells for effective anti-tumor responses, enhancing immunotherapy strategies.

Keywords:
Dendritic cellsImmunosuppressive factorsT cellsTumor microenvironment

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Oncology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Tumor progression involves immunosuppressive factors from tumor and non-tumor cells within the tumor microenvironment.
  • These factors, including cytokines, growth factors, and glycoproteins, establish immunosuppressive networks that drive tumor promotion, invasion, and metastasis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To discuss immunosuppressive factors and mechanisms in both mouse and human tumors.
  • To explore the potential of combining drugs that inhibit these mechanisms with current immunotherapy strategies.

Main Methods:

  • Review of pre-clinical tumor models demonstrating the effects of inactivating suppressive networks.
  • Analysis of factors and mechanisms identified in both murine and human tumor studies.

Main Results:

  • Inactivation of specific immunosuppressive networks reprograms tumor-infiltrating immune cells.
  • This reprogramming enhances anti-tumor immune responses, favoring tumor suppression.

Conclusions:

  • Targeting immunosuppressive networks within the tumor microenvironment is a promising strategy.
  • Combining inhibitors of these networks with immunotherapy holds potential for improved cancer treatment outcomes.