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Related Concept Videos

Corrosion of Reinforcement01:27

Corrosion of Reinforcement

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The corrosion of steel reinforcement within concrete is a process influenced by the material's inherent properties and external factors. The high pH level of around 13, provided by calcium hydroxide present in concrete, initially protects the steel reinforcement by promoting the formation of a passive iron oxide layer on its surface.
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The degradation of metals due to natural electrochemical processes is known as corrosion. Rust formation on iron, tarnishing of silver, and the blue-green patina that develops on copper are examples of corrosion. Corrosion involves the oxidation of metals. Sometimes it is protective, such as the oxidation of copper or aluminum, wherein a protective layer of metal oxide or its derivatives forms on the surface, protecting the underlying metal from further oxidation. In other cases, corrosion is...
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Electrodeposition is a technique used to separate an analyte from interferents by electrochemical processes. Here, the analyte is a metal ion that can be deposited on an electrode immersed in the sample solution. The electrochemical setup consists of an anode and a cathode. When an electric current is applied to the setup, oxidation occurs at the anode. At the cathode, which consists of a large metal surface, metal ions undergo reduction and deposit onto the surface.
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Transition metals are defined as those elements that have partially filled d orbitals. As shown in Figure 1, the d-block elements in groups 3–12 are transition elements. The f-block elements, also called inner transition metals (the lanthanides and actinides), also meet this criterion because the d orbital is partially occupied before the f orbitals.
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For solutions containing mixtures of different cations, the identity of each cation can be determined by qualitative analysis. This technique involves a series of selective precipitations with different chemical reagents, each reaction producing a characteristic precipitate for a specific group of cations. Metal ions within a group are further separated by varying the pH, heating the mixture to redissolve a precipitate, or adding other reagents to form complex ions.
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Electrogravimetric analysis measures the weight of an analyte deposited electrolytically onto a suitable working electrode. This method involves applying a potential to a pre-weighed electrode submerged in a solution, which results in the desired substance being deposited through reduction at the cathode or oxidation at the anode. The electrode's weight is recorded after deposition, and the difference in weight gives the analyte's weight in the solution.
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Potentiodynamic Corrosion Testing
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Atomic level characterization in corrosion studies.

Philippe Marcus1, Vincent Maurice2

  • 1PSL Research University, CNRS-Chimie ParisTech, Institut de Recherche de Chimie Paris (IRCP), Research Group Physical Chemistry of Surfaces, 11 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 75005 Paris, France philippe.marcus@chimie-paristech.fr.

Philosophical Transactions. Series A, Mathematical, Physical, and Engineering Sciences
|June 14, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Atomic-level characterization reveals how oxide films protect metals from corrosion and where localized corrosion begins. This study uses advanced microscopy to analyze passive films on various metals, uncovering critical details about their structure and breakdown. Keywords: atomic characterization, corrosion, passive films, metals.

Keywords:
alloyscorrosionmetalspassivationsolid/liquid interfacesurface analysis

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Electrochemistry
  • Surface Science

Background:

  • Oxide passive films are crucial for metal self-protection against corrosion.
  • Localized corrosion initiation on passivated surfaces remains a key challenge.
  • Understanding atomic-scale mechanisms is vital for predicting and preventing corrosion.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide fundamental insights into metal self-protection mechanisms by oxide passive films.
  • To elucidate the atomic-scale processes governing localized corrosion initiation.
  • To correlate surface structure and electronic properties with corrosion behavior.

Main Methods:

  • Sub-nanometer and nanometer scale characterization using scanning tunneling microscopy/spectroscopy (STM/STS) and atomic force microscopy (AFM).
  • In situ and ex situ analysis of passivated single-crystal and polycrystalline metal surfaces (copper, nickel, chromium, stainless steel).
  • Ab initio density functional theory (DFT) for corrosion modeling.

Main Results:

  • Detailed atomic structure, orientation, and hydroxylation of ultrathin oxide passive films.
  • Identification of grain boundaries as preferential sites for passivity breakdown.
  • Correlation of local electronic properties at grain boundaries with corrosion susceptibility.
  • Role of step edges on oxide grains in passive film dissolution.

Conclusions:

  • Atomic-level understanding of passive film structure and defects is essential for controlling corrosion.
  • Grain boundaries and step edges are critical locations for initiating localized corrosion.
  • Advanced characterization techniques combined with theoretical modeling offer powerful tools for studying metal corrosion.