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Related Concept Videos

Bones of the Upper Limb: Radius01:09

Bones of the Upper Limb: Radius

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The radius is longer of the two bones that make up the human antebrachium or forearm. At the proximal end, the radius articulates with the capitulum of the humerus and the radial notch of the ulna to form the elbow joint. At the distal end, the radius articulates with the ulna via the ulnar notch, forming the distal radioulnar joint. Distally, the radius also attaches to the carpal wrist bones (scaphoid and lunate) to form the radiocarpal joint.
The radius has a nail-shaped head, and a...
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The ankle is formed by the talocrural joint (crural = leg). It consists of the articulations between the talus bone of the foot and the distal ends of the tibia and fibula of the leg. The superior aspect of the talus bone is square-shaped and has three areas of articulation. The top of the talus articulates with the inferior tibia. This is the portion of the ankle joint that carries the body weight between the leg and foot. The sides of the talus are firmly held in position by the articulations...
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Bones of the Upper Limb: Ulna01:15

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The ulna and radius are parallel bones of the antebrachium or the forearm. The ulna lies medially and consists of a bony tip called the olecranon process at its proximal end. This hook-like projection articulates with the olecranon fossa of the humerus and forms the "hinged" ulnohumeral part of the elbow joint. This joint facilitates forearm extension and flexion while preventing its hyperextension. Similarly, the coronoid process, another bony projection on the proximal/anterior side...
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Muscles of the Leg that Move the Foot and Toes01:28

Muscles of the Leg that Move the Foot and Toes

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The human leg comprises an intricate system of muscles that facilitate the movement of feet and toes. Within this system, the muscles are categorized into the anterior, lateral, and posterior compartments, each with a unique set of muscles carrying out specific functions.
Anterior Compartment
The anterior compartment includes muscles that contribute to the dorsiflexion of the foot. This compartment houses the tibialis anterior, extensor hallucis longus, and extensor digitorum longus muscles....
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Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus01:19

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The upper limb consists of the arm, forearm, wrist, and hand bones. The humerus is the single bone of the upper arm region. Proximally, it has a large, spherical, smooth head that articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula to form the glenohumeral or shoulder joint. The margin of the head is the anatomical neck, a residual epiphyseal plate. Laterally it extends to form bony projections called the greater tubercle and the lesser tubercle. Next to the tubercles is the surgical neck, a...
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Functional Classification of Joints01:09

Functional Classification of Joints

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Functional Classification of Joints
The functional classification of joints is determined by the amount of mobility between the adjacent bones. Joints are functionally classified as a synarthrosis or immobile joint, an amphiarthrosis or slightly moveable joint, or as a diarthrosis, a freely moveable joint. Fibrous and cartilaginous joints can be functionally classified as either synarthroses  or amphiarthroses, whereas all synovial joints are classified as diarthroses.
Synarthrosis
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 28, 2026

Adjustable Stiffness, External Fixator for the Rat Femur Osteotomy and Segmental Bone Defect Models
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Adjustable Stiffness, External Fixator for the Rat Femur Osteotomy and Segmental Bone Defect Models

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Hallux rigidus.

Bryant Ho1, Judith Baumhauer2

  • 1Hinsdale Orthopaedics, Hinsdale, Illinois, USA.

EFORT Open Reviews
|June 14, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Hallux rigidus, or arthritis of the first metatarsophalangeal joint, affects many older adults. A new hydrogel implant shows promise for excellent pain relief and function in treating this common foot condition.

Area of Science:

  • Orthopedics
  • Podiatry
  • Rheumatology

Background:

  • Foot problems affect 40% of the US population.
  • First metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joint osteoarthritis, or hallux rigidus, is the most common foot arthritis, particularly in those over 50.
  • Arthritis progression leads to pain and reduced motion in the great toe.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current treatment strategies for hallux rigidus.
  • To evaluate the efficacy of novel joint-sparing procedures for first MTP joint osteoarthritis.

Main Methods:

  • Review of non-surgical interventions including shoe modifications and orthotics.
  • Analysis of surgical options: cheilectomy, Moberg osteotomy for mild cases, and arthrodesis for advanced arthritis.
  • Evaluation of a Level 1 study on a hydrogel hemi-implant for the metatarsal head.
Keywords:
arthrodesisgreat toe arthritishemi-arthroplastyhydrogel, hallux rigidus

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Main Results:

  • Non-surgical treatments aim to limit MTP motion.
  • Mild arthritis treated with osteophyte removal (cheilectomy) and osteotomy.
  • Advanced arthritis often managed with joint fusion (arthrodesis).
  • A hydrogel hemi-implant demonstrated excellent function and pain relief in a recent study.

Conclusions:

  • Treatment for hallux rigidus ranges from conservative measures to surgical interventions.
  • Joint-sparing procedures like arthroplasty have yielded inconsistent results.
  • A novel hydrogel hemi-implant offers a promising alternative for managing first MTP joint osteoarthritis.