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Updated: Feb 28, 2026

Invasive Hemodynamic Characterization of the Portal-hypertensive Syndrome in Cirrhotic Rats
Published on: August 1, 2018
Water, electrolyte, acid-base, and trace elements alterations in cirrhotic patients
Carlos G Musso1, Rossina Juarez2, Richard J Glassock3
1Nephrology Division, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina. carlos.musso@hospitalitaliano.org.ar.
Abstract:
Chronic hepatic patients, and particularly those suffering from cirrhosis, are predisposed to different sort of water, electrolyte, acid-base, and trace elements disorders due to their altered liver function, and also to their exposition to infectious, inflammatory, oncologic, and pharmacologic variables whose combination undermines their homeostatic capability. Hyponatremia, hypokalemia, hyperkalemia, hypocalcemia, metabolic acidosis, respiratory, and metabolic alkalosis are the main internal milieu alterations in this group.
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