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Developing Potentiometric Surfaces and Flow Fields with a Head-Specified MODFLOW Model.

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  • 1Illinois State Water Survey, 2204 Griffith Drive, MC-674, Champaign, IL, 61820-7463.

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A transient head-specified MODFLOW model revealed a vertical head difference in the Cambrian-Ordovician sandstone aquifer system by 2014. This challenges earlier assumptions, impacting water storage calculations in the deep confined aquifer.

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Area of Science:

  • Hydrogeology
  • Groundwater modeling
  • Aquifer system analysis

Background:

  • Investigating aquifer changes typically uses potentiometric surfaces from manual or statistical methods.
  • Head-specified MODFLOW models offer an alternative by simulating observed heads with constant head cells, enforcing Darcy's Law and mass balance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and analyze a transient head-specified MODFLOW model for the Cambrian-Ordovician sandstone aquifer system in northeastern Illinois.
  • To assess the flow dynamics within a 275m deep cone of depression.
  • To evaluate the assumption of no vertical head difference in potentiometric surface development.

Main Methods:

  • Developed a transient head-specified MODFLOW model for the stratified Cambrian-Ordovician sandstone aquifer.
  • Utilized static heads from production wells, initially assuming no vertical head difference.
  • Tested this assumption against steady-state, head-specified models for individual sandstone strata in 1980 and 2014.

Main Results:

  • The assumption of no vertical head difference was valid in 1980 but not in 2014.
  • A significant vertical head difference developed at the center of the cone of depression by 2014.
  • The transient head-specified model showed good agreement with a flow-specified model in earlier years but overestimated water storage removal in later years.

Conclusions:

  • MODFLOW effectively generates time-series potentiometric surfaces and allows testing of conceptual model assumptions, like vertical head differences.
  • For deep confined aquifers, MODFLOW provides advantages over statistical interpolation for generating potentiometric surfaces and flow fields.
  • Future research should explore MODFLOW's performance in diverse hydrogeological settings.