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Related Concept Videos

The Auditory Ossicles01:11

The Auditory Ossicles

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The auditory ossicles of the middle ear transmit sounds from the air as vibrations to the fluid-filled cochlea. The auditory ossicles consist of two malleus (hammer) bones, two incus (anvil) bones, and two stapes (stirrups), one on each side. These bones develop during the fetal stage and are the ones to ossify first. They are fully mature at birth and do not grow afterward.
The aptly named stapes look very much like a stirrup. The three ossicles are unique to mammals, and each plays a role in...
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Auditory sensation, commonly called hearing, involves the transformation of sonic waves into neural impulses facilitated by the structures of the auditory organ. The prominent, flesh-like structure on the side of the head, called the auricle, directs sound waves towards the auditory canal. The auricle is often mislabeled as the pinna, a term more aligned with mobile structures like a feline's external ear. The auditory canal penetrates the cranium via the external auditory meatus of the...
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The lateral view of the cranium is dominated by temporal, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones.
The temporal bone forms the lower lateral side of the skull. The temporal bone is subdivided into several regions. The flattened upper portion is the squamous portion of the temporal bone. Below this area and projecting anteriorly is the zygomatic process of the temporal bone, which forms the posterior portion of the zygomatic arch. Posteriorly is the mastoid portion of the temporal bone. Projecting...
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The cochlea is a coiled structure in the inner ear that contains hair cells—the sensory receptors of the auditory system. Sound waves are transmitted to the cochlea by small bones attached to the eardrum called the ossicles, which vibrate the oval window that leads to the inner ear. This causes fluid in the chambers of the cochlea to move, vibrating the basilar membrane.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 28, 2026

Author Spotlight: Advancing Endoscopic Ossiculoplasty – Techniques, Innovations, and Practical Guidance for Clinical Integration
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Tympanic Membrane and Ossicular-Sparing Modified Lateral Temporal Bone Resection.

Yaser Ghavami1, Yarah M Haidar1, Marlon Maducdoc1

  • 11 Division of Neurotology and Skull Base Surgery, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA.

Otolaryngology--Head and Neck Surgery : Official Journal of American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery
|June 14, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A modified lateral temporal bone resection (mLTBR) spares the eardrum and ossicles for select squamous cell carcinoma (SCCa) patients. This technique shows short-term oncologic equivalence to traditional resection with better hearing outcomes.

Keywords:
lateral temporal bone resectionossiclessquamous cell carcinomatympanic membrane

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Area of Science:

  • Otolaryngology
  • Surgical Oncology
  • Head and Neck Surgery

Background:

  • Squamous cell carcinoma (SCCa) of the temporal bone requires surgical intervention.
  • Traditional lateral temporal bone resection (LTBR) can lead to significant hearing loss.
  • A modified approach preserving key auditory structures is desirable.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the efficacy and safety of a modified lateral temporal bone resection (mLTBR).
  • To assess oncologic control and hearing outcomes in patients undergoing mLTBR for SCCa.
  • To compare mLTBR with traditional LTBR in select cases.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective review of 5 patients with temporal bone SCCa.
  • Patients underwent mLTBR with negative frozen-section biopsy at the tympanic annulus.
  • Follow-up included oncologic surveillance and postoperative audiometry.

Main Results:

  • Mean follow-up was 29.2 months; all patients were recurrence-free.
  • One patient required adjuvant radiation for nodal disease.
  • Average conductive hearing loss was 9 dB, with a range of 0-17 dB.

Conclusions:

  • mLTBR is an effective alternative to LTBR for select SCCa patients.
  • This technique offers improved hearing preservation compared to traditional LTBR.
  • Short-term oncologic outcomes appear comparable, but long-term data is pending.