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Parenteral Drug Delivery Systems: Injectables, Implants, and Infusion Devices01:28

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Parenteral drug delivery systems play a crucial role in modern therapeutics by enabling the direct administration of drugs into the systemic circulation, bypassing the gastrointestinal tract. These systems are particularly valuable for poorly absorbed oral medications that are unstable in the digestive environment or require rapid onset or sustained therapeutic levels. Delivery is achieved through intravenous, intramuscular, or subcutaneous routes, each selected based on the drug's properties...
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The parenteral route is a critical method of drug administration. It delivers compounds directly into the systemic circulation and bypasses the gastrointestinal tract. This approach is particularly advantageous for drugs that exhibit poor absorption or instability when administered orally.
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Calculating drug dosage and accumulation in multiple-dose regimens is crucial for achieving therapeutic efficacy while avoiding toxicity. This involves determining the plasma drug concentrations over time to optimize dosing schedules. The principle of superposition is fundamental in this process, allowing for the prediction of drug concentration in plasma following multiple doses based on single-dose data.The principle of superposition asserts that the plasma concentration-time curves from...
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Insulin preparations are categorized by their duration of action into short-acting and long-acting types. Two strategies are used to modify insulin's absorption and pharmacokinetic profile: slowing the absorption post-subcutaneous injection, or altering human insulin's amino acid sequence or protein structure. These changes retain the insulin's ability to bind to the insulin receptor, but alter its behavior in solution or after injection.
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Drug delivery methods like oral inhalation, nasal sprays, transdermal patches, eye drops, intravitreal injection,  and rectal administration provide localized effects with reduced toxicity.
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Injection practices in India.

Narendra K Arora1

  • 1The INCLEN Trust International, F-1/5, 2nd Floor, Okhla Industrial Area, Phase-I, New Delhi 110020, India.

WHO South-East Asia Journal of Public Health
|June 15, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Globally, unsafe injections are common, with India administering a significant portion. This study reveals that unsafe injection practices are prevalent in India, with prescribers holding the key to improvement.

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Area of Science:

  • Public Health
  • Epidemiology
  • Healthcare Practices

Background:

  • Globally, 16 billion injections are administered annually, with at least 50% being unsafe.
  • India accounts for 25-30% of the global injection load, with many curative injections being unnecessary.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess the burden of injections administered in India.
  • To evaluate prevalent injection practices and identify areas for improvement in safety and necessity.

Main Methods:

  • A nationwide population-based cluster survey involving 24,021 subjects.
  • Household surveys, prescriber interviews (2402), and patient exit interviews (12,012) were conducted.
  • Health facility observations included injection processes and prescriber-client interactions.

Main Results:

  • An estimated 2.9 injections per person per year were administered in India.
  • 62.9% of all injections were found to be unsafe, with glass syringes posing a significant risk.
  • 82.5% of injections were for curative purposes, often for common symptoms like fever and cough.

Conclusions:

  • An estimated 3 billion injections are administered annually in India, with 1.89 billion being unsafe.
  • Injection overuse and safety are critical public health concerns in India.
  • Prescribers play a crucial role in reducing unnecessary injections and improving injection safety at the micro-level.