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Related Concept Videos

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

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T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
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The adaptive immune response, a sophisticated defense mechanism, relies on the activation and differentiation of B lymphocytes, or B cells. These processes enable our bodies to mount a tailored response against specific pathogens such as bacteria, free virus particles, toxins, and parasites.
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The adaptive immune system, a crucial component of the overall immune response, offers a highly specialized defense against pathogens. It involves specific cell types and features, enabling it to combat infections effectively and efficiently.
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Pulmonary Tuberculosis IV01:26

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Tuberculosis, more commonly referred to as TB, is an infectious disease stemming from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. While it primarily impacts the lungs, TB can also affect other body areas. Given its severity and global impact, timely and accurate diagnosis is crucial for controlling its spread and improving patient outcomes.
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When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
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Tuberculosis, often called TB, is a contagious illness primarily caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It mainly affects the lung parenchyma but can also impact other body parts.
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Enzyme-linked Immunospot Assay ELISPOT: Quantification of Th-1 Cellular Immune Responses Against Microbial Antigens
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Antigen Availability Shapes T Cell Differentiation and Function during Tuberculosis.

Albanus O Moguche1, Munyaradzi Musvosvi2, Adam Penn-Nicholson2

  • 1Center for Infectious Disease Research (CIDR), Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.

Cell Host & Microbe
|June 16, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Tuberculosis (TB) vaccine candidates targeting CD4 T cells show limited efficacy. This study reveals distinct CD4 T cell responses to TB antigens ESAT-6 and Ag85B, suggesting tailored vaccination strategies are needed for optimal protection.

Keywords:
Ag85BCD4 T cellESAT-6Mycobacterium tuberculosisT cell differentiationantigenseffector T cellmemory T cellvaccines

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Vaccinology
  • Microbiology

Background:

  • CD4 T cells are crucial for immunity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the bacterium causing tuberculosis (TB).
  • Current TB vaccine candidates boosting antigen-specific CD4 T cells have shown minimal protection.
  • Understanding T cell responses to specific TB antigens is vital for developing effective vaccines.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate CD4 T cell responses to two key TB vaccine antigens, ESAT-6 and Ag85B.
  • To compare these responses in Mtb-infected mice and in vaccinated humans with and without Mtb infection.
  • To elucidate the mechanisms limiting the protective function of these antigen-specific T cells.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of CD4 T cell differentiation and function in Mtb-infected mice.
  • Assessment of T cell responses in vaccinated humans with and without Mtb infection.
  • Evaluation of antigen expression and T cell exhaustion in response to ESAT-6 and Ag85B.

Main Results:

  • Mtb infection induced more differentiated ESAT-6-specific T cells compared to Ag85B-specific T cells in both mice and humans.
  • Ag85B-specific T cells showed restricted Mtb control due to reduced antigen expression during persistent infection.
  • ESAT-6-specific T cells exhibited functional exhaustion from chronic antigenic stimulation, limiting their protective capacity.

Conclusions:

  • Different TB vaccine strategies are necessary to optimize T cell-mediated protection.
  • Vaccination approaches should consider the distinct expression patterns and T cell dynamics of antigens like ESAT-6 and Ag85B during Mtb infection.
  • Tailoring vaccines to specific antigen stages may enhance efficacy against tuberculosis.