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Viscosity01:17

Viscosity

7.6K
When water is poured into a glass, it falls freely and quickly, whereas if honey or maple syrup is poured over a pancake, it flows slowly and sticks to the surface of the container. This difference in the flow of different kinds of liquids arises due to the fluid friction between the liquid layers and the liquid and the surrounding material. This property of fluids is called fluid viscosity. In this example, water has a lower viscosity than honey and maple syrup.
The SI unit of viscosity is...
7.6K
Viscosity01:27

Viscosity

12
Viscosity is a property of fluids that measures their resistance to flow. It is influenced by factors such as the surface area of contact, the gradient of flow speed, and the fluid's viscosity constant, called the coefficient of viscosity. The coefficient of viscosity, also known as dynamic viscosity, is denoted by the symbol η. It determines the proportionality between the viscous force and the gradient of flow speed.Newton's law of viscosity states that the viscous force on a...
12
Laminar and Turbulent Flow01:07

Laminar and Turbulent Flow

11.3K
Fluid dynamics is the study of fluids in motion. Velocity vectors are often used to illustrate fluid motion in applications like meteorology. For example, wind—the fluid motion of air in the atmosphere—can be represented by vectors indicating the speed and direction of the wind at any given point on a map. Another method for representing fluid motion is a streamline. A streamline represents the path of a small volume of fluid as it flows. When the flow pattern changes with time, the...
11.3K
Application of Integration: Problem Solving01:30

Application of Integration: Problem Solving

119
The process of breathing involves the periodic intake and expulsion of air, known as the respiratory cycle, which typically lasts about five seconds. Modeling the volume of air inhaled into the lungs as a function of time provides insight into both the dynamics and efficiency of pulmonary ventilation. This volume is determined by integrating the airflow rate over time, which captures the cumulative effect of air entering the lungs.Sinusoidal Model of AirflowAirflow during respiration is not...
119
Steady Flow of a Fluid Stream01:27

Steady Flow of a Fluid Stream

808
Consider a control volume, such as a pipe with solid boundaries, through which fluid flows and changes direction due to the impulse exerted by the resulting force from the pipe walls. In steady flow, the mass of fluid entering the control volume at a given time, t, with velocity v1, is equal to the mass leaving after infinitesimal time dt, with velocity v2.
During this process, the momentum of the fluid within the control volume remains constant over the time interval dt. By applying the...
808
Poiseuille's Law and Reynolds Number01:10

Poiseuille's Law and Reynolds Number

9.6K
Any fluid in a horizontal tube can flow due to pressure differences—fluid flows from high to low pressure. The flow rate (Q) is the ratio of pressure difference and resistance through a horizontal tube. The greater the pressure difference, the higher the flow rate. The flow resistance is expressed as:
9.6K

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 28, 2026

A Microfluidic Model of Biomimetically Breathing Pulmonary Acinar Airways
09:39

A Microfluidic Model of Biomimetically Breathing Pulmonary Acinar Airways

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Hydrodynamics of viscous inhalant flows.

Aaron C True1, John P Crimaldi1

  • 1Department of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0428, USA.

Physical Review. E
|June 17, 2017
PubMed
Summary

This study quantifies viscous inhalant flows using simulations and experiments. Flow behavior, including regions of influence and inhalation volumes, depends on Reynolds number and extraction height, offering design insights.

Area of Science:

  • Fluid dynamics
  • Biomechanical engineering
  • Physics of complex fluids

Background:

  • Inhalant flows are common in nature and engineering but lack quantitative data, especially for viscous, laminar regimes.
  • Understanding these flows is crucial for applications ranging from biological systems to microfluidic devices.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To quantitatively characterize laminar viscous inhalant flows (Reynolds number ≤100) after impulsive inhalation.
  • To investigate the influence of Reynolds number (Re) and extraction height (h) on flow dynamics.
  • To validate numerical simulations with experimental measurements.

Main Methods:

  • Finite element simulations were performed for various Re and extraction heights.
  • Particle image velocimetry (PIV) was used for experimental validation.

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  • Regions of influence (ROIs) and inhalation volumes were employed as key metrics.

    • Main Results:

    • Flow dynamics exhibit an early inviscid sink-like component followed by a viscous diffusive component.
    • At low Re, diffusion leads to indefinitely enlarging ROIs; spatial bifurcation into inhaled and bypassed flow can occur.
    • At high Re, advection dominates diffusion, trapping the flow in a sink-like state.
    • Both ROIs and inhalation volumes show strong dependence on Re and extraction height.

    Conclusions:

    • The study provides crucial quantitative data on viscous inhalant flows.
    • Reynolds number and extraction height are critical parameters that can be tuned for specific inhalation outcomes.
    • Findings have implications for designing biological and engineering systems involving fluid intake.