A bacterial ghost improves the immunological efficacy of a Newcastle disease virus inactivated vaccine

Newcastle disease (ND) is one of the most common contagious viral infectious diseases of poultry. Vaccination is an effective way to protect chickens from Newcastle disease virus (NDV), and large efforts have been made to acquire not only new vaccines but also new adjuvants to improve the efficiency of existing inactivated vaccines. Here, we observed the adjuvanticity of the bacterial ghost (BG) on the effectiveness of inactivated NDV vaccine in a chicken model. We found that BG, as an adjuvant with inactivated NDV vaccine, substantially strengthened the ND-specific antibody response and protection against lethal challenge in a chicken model, reduced viral shedding, strengthened the time duration of antibody titers, produced an available immunization effect with a low dose of vaccine, and improved serum IL-2 and IFN-γ concentrations. Our results demonstrate that BG significantly improved the immunogenicity of an inactivated NDV vaccine and is a new immune adjuvant candidate.