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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 28, 2026

Recording Behavioral Responses to Reflection in Crayfish

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Published on: May 14, 2010

Reflections on the Goldwater Rule.

Paul S Appelbaum¹

¹Dr. Appelbaum is the Elizabeth K. Dollard Professor of Psychiatry, Medicine and Law, Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University. psa21@columbia.edu.

The Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law

|June 17, 2017

Summary

The Goldwater Rule prevents psychiatrists from commenting on public figures they haven't examined, protecting patients and the profession. Despite criticism, it remains vital for ethical psychiatric practice and public trust.

Area of Science:

Psychiatry
Medical Ethics

Background:

The American Psychiatric Association's Goldwater Rule restricts psychiatrists from offering professional opinions on public figures not under their care.
This rule has faced controversy regarding its impact on public discourse and scholarly research.

Discussion:

Examines the ethical justifications for the Goldwater Rule, including preventing harm and encouraging treatment-seeking.
Addresses criticisms that the rule hinders public education on mental illness and limits scholarly research on public figures.
Proposes that the rule can be interpreted to allow public education and historical analysis without compromising ethical standards.

Key Insights:

Substantive concerns, not just professional embarrassment, underpin the Goldwater Rule.
The rule aims to protect individuals from harm and ensure those needing psychiatric care seek it.

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Educational and scholarly activities can often proceed without violating the Goldwater Rule's core principles.

Outlook:

Clarification may be needed for historical research applications of the Goldwater Rule.
The rule is unlikely to impede psychiatrists assisting policymakers on public health issues.
The Goldwater Rule remains a cornerstone of ethical psychiatric conduct.