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Related Concept Videos

Enzyme-linked Receptors01:00

Enzyme-linked Receptors

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Enzyme-linked receptors are proteins that act as both receptor and enzyme, activating multiple intracellular signals. This is a large group of receptors that include the receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) family. Many growth factors and hormones bind to and activate the RTKs.
Neurotrophin (NT) receptors are a family of RTKs, including trkA, trkB, and trkC (tropomyosin-related kinase) receptors. TrkA is specific for nerve growth factor (NGF), neurotrophin-6, and neurotrophin-7. TrkB binds...
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Receptor Tyrosine Kinases01:26

Receptor Tyrosine Kinases

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Receptor tyrosine kinases or RTKs are membrane-bound receptors that phosphorylate specific tyrosine on protein substrates. RTKs regulate cellular growth, differentiation, survival, and migration. They contain an extracellular ligand binding domain, a transmembrane domain, and a cytosolic tail with intrinsic kinase activity. Several extracellular signaling molecules activate RTKs in one or more ways and relay the signal downstream. Ligands such as platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) or...
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MAPK Signaling Cascades01:07

MAPK Signaling Cascades

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Mitogen-activated protein kinase, or MAPK pathway, activates three sequential kinases to regulate cellular responses such as proliferation, differentiation, survival, and apoptosis. The canonical MAPK pathway starts with a mitogen or growth factor binding to an RTK. The activated RTKs stimulate Ras, which recruits Raf or MAP3 Kinase (MAPKKK), the first kinase of the MAPK signaling cascade. Raf further phosphorylates and activates MEK or MAP2 Kinases (MAPKK), which in turn phosphorylates MAP...
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TGF - β Signaling Pathway01:16

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The TGF-β signaling pathway regulates cell growth, differentiation, adhesion, motility, and development. TGF-β ligands that induce TGF-β signaling are synthesized in their latent form. Several proteases or cell surface receptors such as integrins act upon the latent form, releasing the active ligand. There are three types of mammalian TGF-βs: (TGF-β1, TGF-β2, and TGF-β3) that bind as homodimers or heterodimers to TGF-β receptors. The TGF-β receptors...
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Plant cells communicate to coordinate their cycle of growth, flowering and fruiting, and activities in roots, shoots, and leaves in response to the changing environmental conditions. Plant signaling is distinct from animal signaling. Plants primarily utilize enzyme-linked receptors, whereas the largest class of cell-surface receptors in animals are G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs). Unlike animals, receptor tyrosine kinases are rare in plants. Instead, plants have a diverse class of...
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Signal Transduction: Overview01:26

Signal Transduction: Overview

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Cells respond to many types of information, often through receptor proteins positioned on the membrane. They respond to chemical signals, such as hormones, neurotransmitters, and other signaling molecules, initiating a series of molecular reactions to produce an appropriate response. This is called signal transduction. Cells also coordinate different responses elicited by the same signaling molecule via mediators, allowing molecular cross-talk.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 28, 2026

Light-mediated Reversible Modulation of the Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase Pathway during Cell Differentiation and Xenopus Embryonic Development
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Light-mediated Reversible Modulation of the Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase Pathway during Cell Differentiation and Xenopus Embryonic Development

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TAM receptor signaling in development.

Tal Burstyn-Cohen1

  • 1The Institute for Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dental Medicine, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel. talbu@ekmd.huji.ac.il.

The International Journal of Developmental Biology
|June 17, 2017
PubMed
Summary

The TAM receptors TYRO3, AXL, and MERTK, activated by ligands PROS1 and GAS6, are crucial for immune, nervous, vascular, and reproductive system development. Dysregulation of TAM signaling leads to disease and cancer progression.

Area of Science:

  • Cellular Biology
  • Developmental Biology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • The TAM family of receptor tyrosine kinases, including TYRO3, AXL, and MERTK, are vital for numerous cellular functions.
  • These receptors are activated by protein S (PROS1) and growth-arrest-specific 6 (GAS6) ligands.
  • TAM signaling plays a role in maintaining homeostasis across various systems, including immune, nervous, vascular, bone, and reproductive.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the critical roles of TAM receptors and their ligands during developmental processes.
  • To highlight the involvement of TAM signaling in the immune, nervous, vascular, and reproductive systems from embryogenesis through postnatal stages.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of existing research on TAM receptors and their ligands.

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  • Synthesis of current knowledge on TAM signaling pathways and their developmental functions.

    • Main Results:

    • Loss-of-function in TAM signaling disrupts tissue homeostasis and leads to disease in adult tissues.
    • Gain-of-function in TAM signaling in tumors promotes cancer phenotypes.
    • Combinatorial interactions between TAM ligands and receptors can elicit diverse molecular and cellular outcomes.

    Conclusions:

    • TAM receptor signaling is essential for normal development across multiple physiological systems.
    • Understanding TAM signaling is crucial for addressing developmental disorders and cancer.