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Related Concept Videos

Chronic Pharyngitis01:23

Chronic Pharyngitis

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Chronic pharyngitis refers to persistent inflammation of the pharyngial mucosa.
Etiology
It often arises from persistent viral or bacterial infections affecting sinuses and tonsils.
Additional contributing factors include inadequate dental hygiene, mouth breathing, recurring tonsillitis, allergic rhinitis, laryngopharyngeal reflux, and exposure to smoke, chemicals, and other environmental pollutants. Allergic reactions to pollen, mold, and pet dander, chronic cough, excessive voice usage,...
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Immunological Memory01:23

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Immunological memory, a pivotal pillar of the adaptive immune system, is responsible for the body's ability to remember and respond more swiftly and effectively to previously encountered pathogens. This remarkable feature is what makes vaccines so effective in preventing diseases.
What is Immunological Memory?
Immunological memory is an integral function of the immune system that allows it to recognize and react more rapidly and effectively to pathogens previously encountered. This feature...
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Acute Pharyngitis01:30

Acute Pharyngitis

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Introduction
Acute pharyngitis is the inflammation of the back of the throat (pharynx), commonly resulting in a sore throat. It is a frequently encountered condition that prompts individuals to seek medical advice.
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Development of Immunocompetence01:22

Development of Immunocompetence

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The initiation of cell-mediated immunity can be observed as early as the third month of fetal growth, with active antibody-mediated immunity following approximately one month later.
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Subsequent T...
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Active versus Passive Immunity01:31

Active versus Passive Immunity

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Immunity, along with the ability to limit pathogen growth to prevent significant body tissue damage, can be gained either by (1) actively developing an immune response within the individual after exposure to a pathogen or after getting vaccinated or (2) passively transferring immune components from an immune individual to one who is nonimmune. Both these forms of immunity can be found naturally and in medical practices.
Active Immunity
Active immunity refers to the resistance one develops...
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Drugs Used in Upper Respiratory Disorders: Overview01:16

Drugs Used in Upper Respiratory Disorders: Overview

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Upper respiratory tract disorders, including viral infections and allergic rhinitis, cause significant discomfort and disrupt daily life. Managing these conditions involves a variety of drugs, such as antihistamines, intranasal steroids, decongestants, antitussives, expectorants, and mucolytics. Specific examples of drugs in each category are provided.
Antihistamines (e.g., Benadryl) block histamines from binding. Histamines are chemicals released during an allergic reaction in the body. As a...
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Updated: Feb 28, 2026

Absorption of Nasal and Bronchial Fluids: Precision Sampling of the Human Respiratory Mucosa and Laboratory Processing of Samples
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Acquired Immunity in Chronic Rhinosinusitis.

Bruce K Tan1, Jin-Young Min1, Kathryn E Hulse2

  • 1Department of Otolaryngology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.

Current Allergy and Asthma Reports
|June 18, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is complex, with patients often classified by nasal polyps. Understanding CRS endotypes and their immune responses may lead to targeted therapies for better treatment outcomes.

Keywords:
AntibodiesB cellsChronic rhinosinusitisEndotypesNasal polypsT cells

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Otolaryngology
  • Pathogenesis of Disease

Background:

  • Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a common condition impacting quality of life and healthcare costs.
  • Current CRS classification based on clinical features like nasal polyps often fails to predict treatment response.
  • Many CRS patients experience persistent symptoms despite existing medical and surgical interventions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current understanding of CRS endotypes.
  • To explore the role of adaptive immune responses in different CRS endotypes.
  • To discuss potential targeted therapeutics for future CRS treatment strategies.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent research on CRS pathogenesis and endotyping.
  • Analysis of studies investigating inflammatory mechanisms and immune responses in CRS.
  • Synthesis of information on novel therapeutic approaches for CRS.

Main Results:

  • CRS pathogenesis involves complex inflammatory processes.
  • Emerging evidence suggests distinct CRS endotypes based on sinus mucosa inflammatory patterns.
  • Adaptive immune responses are implicated in the heterogeneity of CRS phenotypes.

Conclusions:

  • Classifying CRS patients into endotypes based on inflammatory profiles is a promising approach.
  • Identifying specific endotypes can guide the development of targeted therapies.
  • Advancing the understanding of CRS endotypes will pave the way for next-generation treatments.