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Related Concept Videos

Non-Canonical Wnt Signaling Pathways01:41

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Wnt is a zygotic effect gene that is expressed during very early embryonic development. It regulates various processes in animals starting from early development through the adult stage, such as organogenesis in the embryo and maintenance of neuronal and blood stem cells. Wnt proteins can induce a wide variety of intracellular pathways depending upon the specific abilities of different Wnt ligands to form a complex with shared and cognate receptors in the presence of different co-receptors. The...
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The Notch signaling pathway is a major intracellular signaling pathway that is highly conserved over a broad spectrum of metazoan species. It stands unique from other intracellular signaling mechanisms in animals because notch protein itself acts as the receptor as well as the primary signaling molecule.
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Enzyme-linked receptors are cell-surface receptors acting as an enzyme or associating with an enzyme intracellularly. They make excellent drug targets. Drugs can bind to the extracellular ligand-binding domain or directly affect their enzymatic domain and alter their activity.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 28, 2026

The Power of Simplicity: Sea Urchin Embryos as in Vivo Developmental Models for Studying Complex Cell-to-cell Signaling Network Interactions
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Toll-like receptor pathway evolution in deuterostomes.

Michael G Tassia1, Nathan V Whelan2,3, Kenneth M Halanych2

  • 1Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849; mgt0007@auburn.edu.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
|June 21, 2017
PubMed
Summary

The deuterostome ancestor had key innate immune signaling pathways similar to mammals. Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling, including antiviral responses, evolved early, predating vertebrate-specific adaptations.

Keywords:
DeuterostomiaToll-like receptorsimmunity evolutioninnate immunitymolecular evolution

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Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary immunology
  • Innate immunity
  • Deuterostome biology

Background:

  • Pattern-recognition receptors, like Toll-like receptors (TLRs), are crucial for host defense against pathogens.
  • TLRs initiate cytokine signaling, activating adaptive immunity in vertebrates, indicating a link between innate and adaptive immunity.
  • Understanding TLR evolution in non-vertebrate deuterostomes is limited despite advances in vertebrate TLR research.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the evolutionary history and diversity of Toll-like receptor (TLR) pathway signaling elements across deuterostomes.
  • To elucidate the ancestral state of TLR signaling pathways in the deuterostome lineage.
  • To identify conserved and lineage-specific components of TLR pathways in deuterostomes.

Main Methods:

  • Genomic and transcriptomic data analysis across 37 diverse deuterostome species.
  • Bayesian phylogenetic analyses to reconstruct evolutionary relationships and gene expansions.
  • Comparative analysis of TLR pathway components, including MYD88, TCAM1, and SARM1.

Main Results:

  • The deuterostome ancestor possessed a molecular toolkit for MYD88-dependent TLR signaling, homologous to mammals.
  • TLR3-mediated antiviral signaling predates its TCAM1 dependence observed in vertebrates.
  • SARM1 is present across deuterostomes, even in species lacking TCAM1, suggesting conserved roles beyond vertebrate-specific pathways.
  • Lineage-specific TLR gene expansions were identified in echinoderms (urchins) and cephalochordates.

Conclusions:

  • The fundamental components of canonical MYD88-dependent TLR signaling are ancient within deuterostomes.
  • Key innate immune mechanisms, such as TLR3 antiviral signaling, evolved before the emergence of vertebrates.
  • Comparative analysis across diverse taxa is essential for understanding the evolution of innate immunity.