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The Thyroid Gland

The Thyroid Gland

The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
The follicles have a central cavity lined by simple cuboidal to squamous epithelial cells called follicular cells. These cells produce the glycoprotein...

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A Swin Transformer-Based Model for Thyroid Nodule Detection in Ultrasound Images

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What really is an indeterminate FNA thyroid nodule?

Angela Pezzolla, Serafina Lattarulo, Andrea Madaro

Annali Italiani Di Chirurgia

|June 21, 2017

Summary

Thyroid fine-needle aspiration (FNA) results can be indeterminate, posing a surgical challenge. Male sex was the only significant predictor of malignancy in this study of indeterminate thyroid nodules.

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Area of Science:

Endocrinology
Surgical Pathology
Oncology

Background:

Thyroid nodules are common, with a 5-15% malignancy rate.
Fine-needle aspiration (FNA) is the gold standard for thyroid nodule evaluation.
Indeterminate FNA results present a diagnostic challenge.

Purpose of the Study:

To retrospectively evaluate patients with indeterminate thyroid FNA results who underwent surgery.
To compare FNA cytology with surgical histology.
To identify predictors of malignancy in indeterminate thyroid nodules.

Main Methods:

Retrospective analysis of 179 patients with indeterminate thyroid FNA.
Comparison of cytological and histological diagnoses.
Evaluation of sex, age, thyroiditis, and nodule dimension as malignancy predictors.

Main Results:

Histological examination confirmed malignancy in 26.8% of indeterminate FNA cases.
Additional carcinomas were found in the same or contralateral lobe in some patients.
Male sex was the only significant positive predictor of histological malignancy.

Conclusions:

Indeterminate FNA remains a challenge, making it difficult to distinguish between patients needing surgery and those for follow-up.
Molecular diagnostics show promise but face challenges in cost, complexity, and standardization for routine use.
Further research is needed to improve the management of indeterminate thyroid nodules.