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Related Concept Videos

Autoimmune Disorders01:29

Autoimmune Disorders

2.0K
Autoimmune diseases are a group of disorders in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks its own cells, tissues, and organs. This results from an overactive immune response against substances and tissues normally present in the body. Let's delve into the concept and mechanism of autoimmune diseases from an immune system point of view, explore different causes and examples of such diseases, and discuss potential solutions.
Concept and Mechanism of Autoimmune Diseases
The immune...
2.0K
Interactions Between Signaling Pathways01:19

Interactions Between Signaling Pathways

7.4K
Signaling cascades usually lack linearity. Multiple pathways interact and regulate one another, allowing cells to integrate and respond to diverse environmental stimuli.
Convergence and divergence, and cross-talk between signaling pathways
Two distinct signaling pathways can converge on a single functional unit, which may either be a single protein or a complex of proteins. The response is either functionally distinct or synergistic between the two pathways but different from the response...
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The JAK-STAT Signaling Pathway01:20

The JAK-STAT Signaling Pathway

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Several cytokine receptors have tightly bound Janus kinase or JAK proteins attached at their cytosolic tail. Small signaling molecules such as cytokines, growth hormones, or prolactins bind to the cytokine receptors and initiate their dimerization. The dimerization brings the cytosolic JAKs together that trans-phosphorylate and activates each other. The activated JAKs now phosphorylate cytosolic tails of the cytokine receptors, which serve as binding sites for adaptor proteins such as  SH2...
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Antigen Processing Pathways01:31

Antigen Processing Pathways

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MHC molecules are key players in the immune response, enabling T cells to recognize and respond to specific antigens. They are present on the surface of all nucleated cells in the body and are instrumental in presenting antigens to T cells and activating them. T cells recognize the MHC-antigen complex and initiate an immune response. MHC class I and MHC class II are two main types of MHC molecules, each associated with a distinct antigen processing pathway.
MHC Class I: Presenting Endogenous...
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What is the Immune System?01:38

What is the Immune System?

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Overview
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T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

2.9K
When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 28, 2026

Single-cell Analysis of Immunophenotype and Cytokine Production in Peripheral Whole Blood via Mass Cytometry
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Single-cell Analysis of Immunophenotype and Cytokine Production in Peripheral Whole Blood via Mass Cytometry

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The multiple pathways to autoimmunity.

Argyrios N Theofilopoulos1, Dwight H Kono1, Roberto Baccala1

  • 1Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA.

Nature Immunology
|June 21, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Autoimmunity arises from immune system defects, often impacting peripheral tolerance. Understanding innate immune sensing of self/foreign molecules is key to resolving autoimmune diseases.

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Autoimmunity Research
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Decades of research highlight the immune system's evolved mechanisms for self-tolerance.
  • Defects in self-tolerance, particularly peripheral tolerance, are frequently implicated in autoimmune diseases.
  • Breakdown of self-tolerance can lead to systemic and organ-specific autoimmune disorders.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize prominent autoimmune pathways.
  • To identify critical unresolved issues in pathogenic autoimmunity.
  • To advance the understanding of autoimmune disease mechanisms.

Main Methods:

  • Review and synthesis of existing literature on autoimmunity.
  • Analysis of common lesions in autoimmune diseases.
  • Identification of key molecular triggers and cellular players in autoimmune responses.

Main Results:

  • Peripheral tolerance defects are more common than central tolerance defects in autoimmunity.
  • Innate immune sensors recognizing self or foreign molecules, especially nucleic acids, are likely initial triggers.
  • Inflammatory responses and activation of autoreactive T and B cells follow molecular recognition.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding the interplay between innate sensing and adaptive immunity is crucial.
  • Further research is needed to resolve key issues in pathogenic autoimmunity.
  • Targeting innate immune pathways may offer therapeutic strategies for autoimmune diseases.