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Updated: Feb 28, 2026

Physical, Chemical and Biological Characterization of Six Biochars Produced for the Remediation of Contaminated Sites
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Aging Induced Changes in Biochar's Functionality and Adsorption Behavior for Phosphate and Ammonium.

Shamim Mia1, Feike A Dijkstra1, Balwant Singh1

  • 1Sydney Institute of Agriculture, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney , Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia.

Environmental Science & Technology
|June 21, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Chemical oxidation alters biochar properties, increasing ammonium adsorption but decreasing phosphate adsorption. Biochar-derived organic matter (BDOM) inclusion enhances retention of both nutrients, suggesting a role for aged biochar in sustainable agriculture.

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Area of Science:

  • Soil Science
  • Environmental Chemistry
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Biochar, a pyrogenic carbon material, enhances soil properties and agricultural sustainability.
  • Biochar's surface chemistry evolves over time, impacting its nutrient adsorption capabilities.
  • The aging process and its effect on ionic nutrient (ammonium, phosphate) adsorption by biochar are not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of chemical oxidation on wood biochar's surface chemistry.
  • To determine how biochar aging affects ammonium and phosphate adsorption.
  • To evaluate the role of biochar-derived organic matter (BDOM) in nutrient retention by aged biochar.

Main Methods:

  • Wood biochar (550 °C) was aged via chemical oxidation using 5-15% H2O2.
  • Changes in biochar surface functionality (carboxylic, phenolic, oxonium groups, pyridine/pyridone) were analyzed.
  • Ammonium and phosphate adsorption capacities were measured, with and without BDOM.

Main Results:

  • Oxidation introduced carboxylic and phenolic groups, reduced oxonium groups, and transformed pyridine to pyridone.
  • Ammonium adsorption increased significantly with oxidation (r² = 0.94 with surface charge density).
  • Phosphate adsorption decreased post-oxidation, attributed to electrostatic repulsion and loss of positive charge.
  • Inclusion of BDOM substantially increased both ammonium and phosphate adsorption by oxidized biochar.

Conclusions:

  • Biochar aging via oxidation can reverse its affinity for cationic and anionic nutrients.
  • Surface charge density is a key factor in ammonium adsorption by aged biochar.
  • BDOM plays a crucial role in enhancing the ionic nutrient and contaminant retention capacity of aged biochar, highlighting its potential for soil amendment.