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Introduction:Magnetic Resonance Imaging, or MRI, can include a specialized imaging technique of the urinary system known as Magnetic Resonance Urography (MRU). This radiation-free technique uses strong magnetic fields and radio waves to produce detailed images with the help of a computer. MRU is particularly effective for visualizing fluid-filled structures like the kidneys, ureters, and bladder.Applications of MRI in the Genitourinary SystemKidneys and Ureters: MRI detects tumors, cysts,...
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Updated: Dec 17, 2025

Studying Metabolic Brain Connectivity Using 2-Deoxy-2-[18F]Fluoro-D-Glucose Dynamic Positron Emission Tomography at the Single-subject Level
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Advances in Imaging Brain Metabolism.

Fahmeed Hyder1, Douglas L Rothman1

  • 1Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Magnetic Resonance Research Center, and Quantitative Neuroscience with Magnetic Resonance Core Center, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520;

Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering
|June 22, 2017
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Advanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and spectroscopy (MRS) methods visualize brain metabolism. These techniques, including oxygen-17 MRS and carbon-13 MRS, offer insights into neuronal function and disease diagnosis.

Keywords:
aerobic glycolysisexcitationglycogeninhibitionneuroimagingoxidative phosphorylation

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroimaging
  • Metabolic studies
  • Biophysics

Background:

  • Brain metabolism is crucial for neuronal and glial cell function.
  • Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and Spectroscopy (MRS) are key tools for studying brain metabolism.
  • Understanding metabolic pathways is vital for diagnosing and treating neurological disorders.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review advanced MRI and MRS methods for brain metabolic imaging.
  • To highlight the capabilities of specific MRS techniques (e.g., 17O-MRS, 31P-MRS, 19F-MRS, 13C-MRS).
  • To discuss the translational potential of these techniques in understanding and managing brain disorders.

Main Methods:

  • Oxygen-17 MRS (17O-MRS) and Phosphorus-31 MRS (31P-MRS) for mitochondrial function (oxygen use, ATP synthesis).
  • Fluorine-19 MRS (19F-MRS) for cytosolic glucose metabolism.
  • Calibrated functional MRI (fMRI) for mapping oxygen use and neuronal activity.
  • Carbon-13 MRS (13C-MRS) for glutamatergic neurotransmission and cell energetics.
  • Novel MRI contrasts for pH imaging of glioma.

Main Results:

  • 17O-MRS and 31P-MRS quantify mitochondrial oxygen consumption and ATP synthesis rates.
  • 19F-MRS measures glucose metabolism in the cytosol.
  • Calibrated fMRI maps regional oxygen consumption linked to neuronal activity.
  • 13C-MRS noninvasively assesses neurotransmission and cell energetics.
  • Advanced MRI techniques enable pH imaging in gliomas.

Conclusions:

  • Advanced MRI and MRS techniques provide comprehensive insights into brain metabolism.
  • These methods have significant translational potential for understanding neurological diseases.
  • The discussed techniques can aid in the diagnosis and treatment guidance for brain disorders.