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Related Concept Videos

The Thyroid Gland01:23

The Thyroid Gland

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The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
The follicles have a central cavity lined by simple cuboidal to squamous epithelial cells called follicular cells. These cells produce the glycoprotein...
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Functions of Thyroid Hormones01:18

Functions of Thyroid Hormones

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The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
TH is indispensable for the normal development and maturation of the skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems during fetal and childhood growth. It facilitates bone mineral turnover and regulates protein synthesis in developing tissues, contributing significantly to overall growth and...
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Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

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Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The...
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The Parathyroid Glands00:59

The Parathyroid Glands

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The two pairs of parathyroid glands embedded within the posterior surface of the thyroid gland are restricted by a dense capsule around them. These glands comprise two distinct cell populations—parathyroid oxyphil and parathyroid principal cells- pivotal in calcium homeostasis.
Oxyphil cells, whose functions remain elusive, emerge during late puberty, adding a layer of complexity to the parathyroid gland's intricacies. In contrast, principal parathyroid cells undertake a vital role by...
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Development of the Lymphatic System01:15

Development of the Lymphatic System

2.3K
The development of lymphatic tissues and vessels in embryonic life begins around the fifth week. These structures originate from the mesoderm layer, with lymph sacs emerging from developing veins.
The first lymph sacs to form are the paired jugular lymph sacs located at the junction of the internal jugular and subclavian veins. From these sacs, lymphatic capillary plexuses extend to the thorax, upper limbs, neck, and head, eventually forming lymphatic vessels. Each jugular lymph sac maintains a...
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Changes in the Appendicular Skeleton with Age01:09

Changes in the Appendicular Skeleton with Age

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The upper and lower limb initially develops as a small bulge called a limb bud, which appears on the lateral side of the early embryo. The upper limb bud appears near the end of the fourth week of development, with the lower limb bud appearing shortly after.
Initially, the limb buds consist of a core of mesenchyme covered by a layer of ectoderm. The ectoderm at the end of the limb bud thickens to form a narrow crest called the apical ectodermal ridge. This ridge stimulates the underlying...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 28, 2026

An Ex vivo Culture System to Study Thyroid Development
08:33

An Ex vivo Culture System to Study Thyroid Development

Published on: June 6, 2014

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Development of the thyroid gland.

Mikael Nilsson1, Henrik Fagman2,3

  • 1Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg SE-40530, Sweden mikael.nilsson@gu.se.

Development (Cambridge, England)
|June 22, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Understanding thyroid gland development is key to treating congenital hypothyroidism and dwarfism. This review covers thyroid organogenesis from protochordates to vertebrates, aiding cell therapy research.

Keywords:
EndodermEvolutionMorphogenesisNeural crestPharyngealThyroid

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Two-step Approach to Explore Early- and Late-stages of Organ Formation in the Avian Model: The Thymus and Parathyroid Glands Organogenesis Paradigm
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Two-step Approach to Explore Early- and Late-stages of Organ Formation in the Avian Model: The Thymus and Parathyroid Glands Organogenesis Paradigm

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Feb 28, 2026

An Ex vivo Culture System to Study Thyroid Development
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Two-step Approach to Explore Early- and Late-stages of Organ Formation in the Avian Model: The Thymus and Parathyroid Glands Organogenesis Paradigm
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Two-step Approach to Explore Early- and Late-stages of Organ Formation in the Avian Model: The Thymus and Parathyroid Glands Organogenesis Paradigm

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An Orthotopic Mouse Model of Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma
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Area of Science:

  • Developmental Biology
  • Endocrinology
  • Evolutionary Biology

Background:

  • Thyroid hormones are vital for development and homeostasis.
  • Congenital hypothyroidism without treatment causes irreversible brain dysfunction and dwarfism (cretinism).
  • The thyroid gland is the sole source of thyroid hormones.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review mechanisms of thyroid organogenesis and functional differentiation.
  • To highlight the evolutionary path of the thyroid gland from protochordates to vertebrates.
  • To discuss new findings on thyroid progenitor specification, fate decisions, and follicular unit formation.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of thyroid development mechanisms.
  • Analysis of evolutionary transitions in thyroid gland formation.
  • Synthesis of recent research on progenitor cell behavior and morphogenesis.

Main Results:

  • Thyroid development involves intricate processes of progenitor specification and differentiation.
  • The thyroid gland evolved from the endostyle in protochordates to its vertebrate form.
  • Understanding these processes is crucial for addressing thyroid dysgenesis.

Conclusions:

  • Elucidating thyroid development is essential for treating thyroid dysgenesis and cretinism.
  • Knowledge gained can inform the generation of thyroid cells for in vitro therapies.
  • The evolutionary perspective provides insights into conserved developmental mechanisms.