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Related Concept Videos

Factors Affecting Solubility04:01

Factors Affecting Solubility

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Compared with pure water, the solubility of an ionic compound is less in aqueous solutions containing a common ion (one also produced by dissolution of the ionic compound). This is an example of a phenomenon known as the common ion effect, which is a consequence of the law of mass action that may be explained using Le Chȃtelier’s principle. Consider the dissolution of silver iodide:
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Acid Halides to Carboxylic Acids: Hydrolysis01:01

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Hydrolysis of acid halides is a nucleophilic acyl substitution reaction in which acid halides react with water to give carboxylic acids. The reaction occurs readily and does not require acid or a base catalyst.
As shown below, the mechanism involves a nucleophilic attack by water at the carbonyl carbon to form a tetrahedral intermediate. This is followed by the reformation of the carbon–oxygen π bond along with the departure of a halide ion. A final proton transfer step yields carboxylic...
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In addition to the oxymercuration–demercuration method, which converts the alkenes to alcohols with Markovnikov orientation, a complementary hydroboration-oxidation method yields the anti-Markovnikov product. The hydroboration reaction, discovered in 1959 by H.C. Brown, involves the addition of a B–H bond of borane to an alkene giving an organoborane intermediate. The oxidation of this intermediate with basic hydrogen peroxide forms an alcohol.
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Selective Area Modification of Silicon Surface Wettability by Pulsed UV Laser Irradiation in Liquid Environment
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Ordered hydroxyls on Ca3Ru2O7(001).

Daniel Halwidl1, Wernfried Mayr-Schmölzer1,2, David Fobes3

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Researchers observed ordered hydroxyls on a Ca3Ru2O7 perovskite surface after water adsorption. This ordering is influenced by the perovskite

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Surface Chemistry
  • Catalysis

Background:

  • Complex ternary perovskite-type oxides are crucial for solid oxide fuel cells, electrolysis, and catalysis.
  • Understanding their surface chemical properties is essential for optimizing performance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the surface chemical properties of the Ruddlesden-Popper perovskite Ca3Ru2O7.
  • To understand the behavior of water adsorption and its effect on the perovskite surface.

Main Methods:

  • Water adsorption on the cleaved (001) surface of Ca3Ru2O7 at 105 K.
  • Annealing to room temperature.
  • Density functional theory (DFT) calculations.
  • Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) imaging.

Main Results:

  • Dissociative adsorption of water molecules, forming adsorbed hydroxyl (OH) groups.
  • OH groups adsorbed in Ca-Ca bridge sites with hydrogen transfer to surface oxygen.
  • Pronounced ordering of hydroxyls observed with various periodicities (e.g., (2×1), c(2×6)).

Conclusions:

  • Octahedral rotation and tilt in perovskites significantly influence surface reactivity.
  • These structural features induce the observed ordering of hydroxyl overlayers on the Ca3Ru2O7 surface.
  • The findings highlight the importance of surface structure in perovskite applications.