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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 28, 2026

The Spatial Memory Game: Testing the Relationship Between Spatial Language, Object Knowledge, and Spatial Cognition

The Spatial Memory Game: Testing the Relationship Between Spatial Language, Object Knowledge, and Spatial Cognition

Published on: February 19, 2018

New Space-Time Metaphors Foster New Nonlinguistic Representations.

Rose K Hendricks¹, Lera Boroditsky¹

¹Department of Cognitive Science, University of California, San Diego.

Topics in Cognitive Science

|June 22, 2017

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Learning new relational language, like vertical time metaphors, creates new cognitive representations. These new mental models are robust and expand our thinking capabilities, similar to existing spatial-time associations.

Keywords:

Metaphor Nonlinguistic Relational language Representation Space Time

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Area of Science:

Cognitive Science
Linguistics
Psychology

Background:

Language shapes human cognition and knowledge construction.
Relational language may influence abstract representations.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate if learning new relational language can create novel ways of thinking.
To determine if newly acquired linguistic representations are susceptible to interference.

Main Methods:

Experiment 1: Taught English speakers vertical time metaphors (e.g., 'breakfast is above dinner').
Experiment 2: Utilized existing left-right time representations from visuospatial experience.
Assessed susceptibility to verbal and visual interference using nonlinguistic tasks.

Main Results:

Learning new metaphors formed new space-time associations.
Newly learned representations were resistant to verbal interference.
Metaphor-based representations behaved similarly to long-term visuospatial ones under interference.

Conclusions:

Acquiring new relational language can construct novel cognitive representations.
Linguistic metaphors serve as powerful tools for expanding cognitive repertoire.
Language-based representations are as robust as those from visuospatial experience.