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Biosynthesis of Nucleic Acids01:28

Biosynthesis of Nucleic Acids

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Nucleic acid biosynthesis is a fundamental biochemical process that produces the purine and pyrimidine nucleotides essential for DNA and RNA synthesis. This pathway maintains a balanced nucleotide pool, preventing imbalances that could jeopardize genetic integrity and cellular function. Given the crucial role of nucleotides, their synthesis is tightly regulated to ensure proper cellular homeostasis.Purine BiosynthesisThe biosynthesis of purine nucleotides begins with ribose-5-phosphate, a...
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Nucleic acids

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Nucleic acids are the most important macromolecules for the continuity of life. They carry the cell's genetic blueprint and carry instructions for its functioning.
DNA and RNA
The two main types of nucleic acids are deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA). DNA is the genetic material in all living organisms, ranging from single-celled bacteria to multicellular mammals. It is in the nucleus of eukaryotes and in the organelles, chloroplasts, and mitochondria. In prokaryotes,...
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Nucleic Acids02:43

Nucleic Acids

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Nucleic acids are the most important macromolecules for the continuity of life. They carry the cell's genetic blueprint and carry instructions for its functioning.
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Nucleic Acids and Nucleotides01:20

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Nucleic acids are the most important macromolecules for the continuity of life. They carry the cell's genetic blueprint and have instructions for its functioning. The two main types of nucleic acids are deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA).
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Nucleic Acid Structure01:25

Nucleic Acid Structure

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The pentose sugar in DNA is deoxyribose, while in RNA the pentose sugar is ribose. The difference between the sugars is the presence of the hydroxyl group on the ribose's second carbon and a hydrogen on the deoxyribose's second carbon. The phosphate residue attaches to the hydroxyl group of the 5′ carbon of one sugar and the hydroxyl group of the 3′ carbon of the sugar of the next nucleotide, which forms  a 5′ to 3′ phosphodiester linkage.
DNA Structure
DNA...
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Biosynthesis of Polysaccharides01:26

Biosynthesis of Polysaccharides

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Polysaccharides such as glycogen and starch are synthesized from nucleoside diphosphate sugars, primarily uridine diphosphate glucose (UDPG) and adenosine diphosphate glucose (ADPG). These activated glucose donors act as key intermediates in carbohydrate metabolism and biosynthesis. UDPG primarily involves glycogen synthesis in animals and many bacteria, while ADPG plays a fundamental role in starch synthesis in plants and certain bacteria.UDPG is formed when glucose-1-phosphate reacts with...
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Nucleoside Triphosphates - From Synthesis to Biochemical Characterization
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Pyridine Dinucleotides from Molecules to Man.

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  • 11 Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University , Nashville, Tennessee.

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Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP) are vital cofactors in cellular processes. Their metabolism is increasingly linked to human diseases, driving new therapeutic strategies.

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Cell Biology
  • Metabolic Pathobiology

Background:

  • Pyridine dinucleotides, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP), are essential cofactors discovered over a century ago.
  • These molecules play fundamental roles in energy metabolism, redox homeostasis, cellular signaling, and gene transcription.
  • Dysregulation of NAD and NADP metabolism is implicated in the pathobiology of numerous chronic human diseases.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advances in understanding NAD(P) metabolism.
  • To highlight the importance of NAD(P) metabolism in the molecular pathogenesis of disease.
  • To illustrate the cell biology of NAD(P) metabolism, including pharmacokinetics, biosynthesis, localization, and regulation.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature on NAD(P) metabolism.
  • Analysis of recent biochemical and biomedical research.
  • Integration of findings on metabolic and other roles of NAD(P).

Main Results:

  • Recent research has provided new insights into NAD(P) cell biology.
  • Perturbations in NAD(H) and NADP(H) levels are characteristic of human diseases.
  • Fundamental questions about cofactor level regulation and redox ratio determinants persist.

Conclusions:

  • Illuminating the NAD(P) metabolic regulatory network will enable targeted therapeutic approaches.
  • Sophisticated methods to manipulate NAD(P) pathways in specific cellular contexts are emerging.
  • These advances pave the way for next-generation redox-based, metabolism-targeted therapies.