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Updated: Feb 28, 2026

In Vivo Confocal Microscopy in the Diagnosis and Management of Dry Eye: A Focus on Imaging Protocols and Interpretation
Published on: November 11, 2025
[Blepharoptosis: diagnostic tests]
Y O Grusha1, N V Fisenko1, I V Blinova1
1Research Institute of Eye Diseases, 11 A, B Rossolimo St., Moscow, Russian Federation, 119021; I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Ophthalmology Department, 8-2 Trubetskaya St., Moscow, Russian Federation, 119991.
Abstract:
The article discusses diagnostic algorithms for blepharoptosis in patients with Horner's syndrome, myasthenia, chronic progressive ophthalmoplegia, myotonic dystrophy, and acute neurovascular events. Basic methods for evaluating the upper eyelid position and ptosis severity as well as special pharmacologic stress tests to reveal the true etiology of the condition and make the best treatment choice are described.
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