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Related Concept Videos

Cardiomyopathy I: Introduction and Classification01:25

Cardiomyopathy I: Introduction and Classification

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Cardiomyopathy, or CMP, is a group of diseases affecting the myocardial structure, impairing its ability to pump blood effectively. This condition can lead to arrhythmias, heart failure, or sudden cardiac death.Cardiomyopathies are classified into primary and secondary categories:Primary Cardiomyopathy refers to conditions involving only the heart muscle that are often idiopathic (of unknown cause) or genetic. They primarily affect the myocardium without the involvement of other systemic...
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Cardiac muscle, or myocardium, is a specialized type of muscle found exclusively in the heart. Its unique structural and functional characteristics enable the heart to perform its vital role of pumping blood throughout the body continuously and rhythmically. The cardiac muscle cells, or cardiomyocytes, possess an endomysium and perimysium but do not have an epimysium.
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The human heart is a complex organ made up of four chambers: the right and left atria and the right and left ventricles. These internal chambers are separated by partitions known as the interatrial and interventricular septa. The exterior of the heart features a groove known as the coronary sulcus that demarcates the atria from the ventricles, while the anterior and posterior interventricular sulci distinguish between the two ventricles.
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Rheumatic heart disease or RHD is a chronic condition that results from rheumatic fever, causing permanent damage to the heart valves.Etiology and Risk FactorsIt primarily arises from rheumatic fever, an inflammatory disease that can develop after untreated or inadequately treated group A streptococcal (GAS) pharyngitis. Streptococcus spreads through direct contact with oral or respiratory secretions. While the bacteria are the causative agents, factors like malnutrition, overcrowding, poor...
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Cardiomyopathy IV: Restrictive Cardiomyopathy01:29

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Restrictive cardiomyopathy (RCM) is a rare heart muscle disease characterized by impaired ventricular filling due to stiffened ventricular walls, leading to significant diastolic dysfunction.EtiologyRestrictive cardiomyopathy can arise from both inherited and acquired diseases, many of which are systemic. It is categorized into four main types: infiltrative, storage, non-infiltrative, and endomyocardial diseases.Infiltrative diseases, such as amyloidosis, lead to RCM by depositing amyloid...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 28, 2026

Estimating Bilateral Atrial Function by Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Feature Tracking in Patients with Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation
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Left atrial structure and function in cardiac amyloidosis.

Kotaro Nochioka1,2, Candida Cristina Quarta3,4, Brian Claggett1

  • 1Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street Boston, MA 02115, USA.

European Heart Journal. Cardiovascular Imaging
|June 23, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Cardiac amyloidosis (CA) severely impairs left atrial (LA) function, impacting reservoir, conduit, and active emptying capabilities. LA dysfunction correlates with left ventricular deformation and varies among amyloid subtypes.

Keywords:
2D speckle trackingamyloidcardiomyopathyechocardiographyleft atrial function

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Cardiovascular Imaging
  • Cardiac Electrophysiology

Background:

  • Cardiac amyloidosis (CA) is known for left atrial (LA) dilatation.
  • However, detailed characterization of LA function in CA remains underexplored.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To comprehensively investigate LA function in patients with CA using speckle-tracking echocardiography.
  • To compare LA function across different subtypes of CA and with healthy controls.

Main Methods:

  • Speckle-tracking echocardiography was used to assess LA function in 124 CA patients (AL, ATTRm, ATTRwt) and 20 controls.
  • Evaluated parameters included LA longitudinal strain (LS) and strain rate (LSR) for reservoir, conduit, and active functions.
  • Adjustments were made for LA size, LV ejection fraction, and LV filling pressures.

Main Results:

  • All phases of LA function (LS, peak LSR, early LSR, late LSR) were significantly impaired in CA patients compared to controls.
  • Peak LA LS correlated with LV global LS, and late LSR correlated with LV inflow A wave.
  • Wild-type transthyretin amyloidosis (ATTRwt) showed worse peak LS and active emptying fraction compared to light chain (AL) and mutant transthyretin amyloidosis (ATTRm).

Conclusions:

  • CA is associated with severely impaired LA function, closely linked to left ventricular deformation.
  • Amyloid etiology influences the pathophysiology of cardiac dysfunction in CA, with distinct LA functional deficits observed among subtypes.