Modulation of the immune response to Listeria monocytogenes by benzene inhalation

Benzene is a potent bone marrow toxicant. While all blood cell types are targets for benzene poisoning, lymphocytes are particularly sensitive. The immunotoxic consequences of benzene or its metabolites have been demonstrated in a number of in vitro studies; however, little data exist regarding the effects of benzene on host resistance to infectious agents. This investigation examined the effects of benzene on murine resistance to an infectious agent, Listeria monocytogenes. Four concentrations of benzene were employed, 10, 30, 100, and 300 ppm. To determine recovery from the effects of benzene, two exposure regimens were employed: 5 days prior to infection (preexposure), or 5 days prior to and 7 days during infection (continuous exposure). Appropriate air controls were maintained. Splenic bacterial counts and immune responsive cell populations were determined from mice killed at Days 1, 4, and 7 of infection. Preexposure to benzene produced increased bacterial numbers at Day 4 of the infection only at the highest benzene concentration (300 ppm). In contrast, continuous exposure produced increased bacterial numbers at Day 4 of infection at all but the lowest benzene concentration (10 ppm). Bacteria counts were not increased in any benzene-treated group at Day 1 or Day 7 of infection. The increased bacterial numbers at Day 4 suggest an effect on cell-mediated immune responses. Both T and B lymphocytes were particularly sensitive to benzene exhibiting reductions at all concentrations greater than or equal to 30 ppm for both exposure regimens. Esterase-positive cells, however, were relatively resistant to benzenes effects. The results point to a benzene-induced delay in the immune response to L. monocytogenes.