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Related Concept Videos

The Endocrine System01:29

The Endocrine System

1.5K
The endocrine system is an extensive network of glands – organs or tissues in the body that create chemicals that control many bodily functions, that secrete hormones, which are chemical messengers that play essential roles in regulating various bodily functions. These hormones are secreted into the bloodstream and travel throughout the body. They require specific receptors to convey signals to cells possessing these corresponding receptors. This complex signaling mechanism ensures that...
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Major Hormones and Their Functions01:27

Major Hormones and Their Functions

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Hormones, the biochemical messengers produced by endocrine glands, are pivotal in regulating bodily functions and maintaining homeostasis. Each hormone's balance is crucial; imbalances can lead to significant physiological disruptions. Major hormones include oxytocin, cortisol, epinephrine, estrogen, testosterone, thyroxine, growth hormone, insulin, and glucagon.
Oxytocin, produced in the hypothalamus and released by the pituitary gland, plays a role in social bonding, childbirth, and...
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Hormones Regulating Blood Glucose01:16

Hormones Regulating Blood Glucose

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Insulin is released by beta cells of the pancreas when blood glucose levels are high. It facilitates glucose absorption and utilization in insulin-dependent cells with insulin receptors on their plasma membranes. Insulin promotes glucose uptake by increasing the number of glucose transport proteins in the cell membrane, allowing glucose to enter the cell. As a result, glucose utilization and ATP production are enhanced.
In addition to accelerating glucose uptake and utilization, insulin has...
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Insulin: Dosing Regimen and Adverse Effects01:16

Insulin: Dosing Regimen and Adverse Effects

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Insulin-replacement therapy usually includes both long-acting insulin (basal) and short-acting insulin (to cater to postprandial needs). In a diverse group of type 1 diabetes patients, the average daily insulin dose is typically 0.5-0.7 units/kg body weight. However, obese patients and pubertal adolescents may need more due to insulin resistance.
The basal dose constitutes about 40%-50% of the total daily dose, with the rest as premeal insulin. The mealtime insulin dose should mirror...
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Glucose Homeostasis: Pancreatic Islets and Insulin Secretion01:27

Glucose Homeostasis: Pancreatic Islets and Insulin Secretion

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The pancreatic islets comprising only 1%-2% of the volume are highly vascularized and innervated mini-organs. They contain five endocrine cell types, including β cells that secrete insulin, which is synthesized as a single polypeptide chain, preproinsulin, processed to proinsulin, and finally to insulin and C-peptide. This process is complex and regulated, involving the Golgi complex, the endoplasmic reticulum, and the secretory granules of the β cell.
Insulin and C-peptide are...
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Hormonal Regulation01:40

Hormonal Regulation

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Hormones regulate a significant portion of digestion through activation of the neuroendocrine system. The neuroendocrine system of digestion contains many different hormones all with multiple functions that are both, directly and indirectly, involved in digestion.
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Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass Operation in Rats
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Endocrine Function after Bariatric Surgery.

Ki-Suk Kim1, Darleen A Sandoval1

  • 1Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.

Comprehensive Physiology
|June 23, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Bariatric surgeries like Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) and vertical sleeve gastrectomy (VSG) effectively treat obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). These procedures induce significant endocrine changes in the gut, contributing to metabolic improvements.

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Area of Science:

  • Physiology
  • Endocrinology
  • Metabolic Surgery

Background:

  • Obesity is a major risk factor for metabolic disorders, including type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).
  • Bariatric surgery, particularly Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) and vertical sleeve gastrectomy (VSG), offers sustained weight loss and T2DM remission.
  • Despite differing anatomical approaches, RYGB and VSG yield comparable metabolic benefits.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the endocrine changes following RYGB and VSG.
  • To explore the mechanistic role of these endocrine alterations in the metabolic success of bariatric surgery.
  • To examine gastrointestinal functional changes and their impact on postprandial endocrine responses.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of endocrine and gastrointestinal changes after bariatric surgery.
  • Analysis of mechanisms linking hormonal shifts to metabolic improvements.
  • Exploration of functional gastrointestinal alterations post-surgery.

Main Results:

  • Both RYGB and VSG induce significant, yet similar, endocrine changes, particularly within the gastrointestinal tract.
  • These hormonal shifts are strongly associated with improved metabolic parameters and T2DM remission.
  • Alterations in gastrointestinal function contribute to enhanced postprandial endocrine responses.

Conclusions:

  • Endocrine and gastrointestinal changes are key mechanisms underlying the metabolic success of bariatric surgery.
  • Further research is needed to definitively establish causation between specific hormonal changes and metabolic outcomes.
  • Understanding these mechanisms can optimize therapeutic strategies for obesity and T2DM.