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Related Concept Videos

Eukaryotic Evolution01:24

Eukaryotic Evolution

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The endosymbiont theory is the most widely accepted theory of eukaryotic evolution; however, its progression is still somewhat debated. According to the nucleus-first hypothesis, the ancestral prokaryote first evolved a membrane to enclose DNA and form the nucleus. Conversely, the mitochondria-first hypothesis suggests that the nucleus was formed after endosymbiosis of mitochondria.
Contrary to the endosymbiont theory, the eukaryote-first hypothesis proposes that the simpler prokaryotic and...
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Single-pass Transmembrane Proteins01:25

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Integral membrane proteins are tightly associated with the cell membrane and play a crucial role in cell communication, signaling, adhesion, and transport of the molecules. Some integral membrane proteins are present only in the membrane monolayer. For example, the enzyme fatty acid amide hydrolase is present in the cytoplasmic side of the membrane monolayer. In contrast, another type of integral membrane protein, also known as a transmembrane protein, spans across the membrane. Transmembrane...
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Insertion of Multi-pass Transmembrane Proteins in the RER01:29

Insertion of Multi-pass Transmembrane Proteins in the RER

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The rough ER membrane synthesizes, assembles, and embeds transmembrane proteins in diverse topologies. These proteins function as transporters or channels and can remain in the ER membrane or are sent to the Golgi complex, lysosome, and cell membrane.
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Integral membrane proteins are proteins adhered to the lipid bilayer of a cell organelle or membrane. They can be of two types: transmembrane integral proteins that span the lipid bilayer and monotopic proteins that are attached to either side of the membrane but do not pass through it.
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Three-Domain System of Life01:21

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Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) sequence analysis revealed three distinct groups of cells: eukaryotes, bacteria, and archaea. In 1978, Carl R. Woese proposed the concept of domains, a taxonomic level above kingdoms, to differentiate these groups. He suggested that archaea and bacteria, despite their similar appearance, represent separate domains. Domains differ in rRNA, membrane lipid structure, transfer RNA, and antibiotic sensitivity.In this classification, animals, plants, and fungi belong to the...
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Gene Evolution - Fast or Slow?02:05

Gene Evolution - Fast or Slow?

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The genomes of eukaryotes are punctuated by long stretches of sequence which do not code for proteins or RNAs. Although some of these regions do contain crucial regulatory sequences, the vast majority of this DNA serves no known function. Typically, these regions of the genome are the ones in which the fastest change, in evolutionary terms, is observed, because there is typically little to no selection pressure acting on these regions to preserve their sequences.
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Transmembrane Domain Oligomerization Propensity determined by ToxR Assay
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Insights into eukaryotic evolution from transmembrane domain lengths.

Aditya Mittal1, Snigdha Singh1

  • 1a Kusuma School of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi , Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016 , India.

Journal of Biomolecular Structure & Dynamics
|June 24, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Biological membrane thickness, indicated by trans-membrane domain (TMD) length, has evolved in eukaryotes. Differences in TMD lengths between plasma and organellar membranes decreased over evolutionary time, improving intracellular trafficking.

Keywords:
evolutionhydropathy plotshydrophobicityintracellular traffickingmembrane proteins

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Biological membranes regulate cellular transport and interactions.
  • Trans-membrane domains (TMDs) anchor proteins within membranes.
  • TMD length, determined via hydropathy plots, can indicate membrane thickness.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate evolutionary changes in eukaryotic biological membrane thickness.
  • To analyze variations in TMD lengths of membrane proteins over evolutionary timescales.

Main Methods:

  • In silico analysis of over 23,000 non-redundant membrane proteins.
  • Analysis included proteins from fungi, plants, non-mammalian vertebrates, and mammals.
  • Focused on bitopic proteins with single alpha-helical TMDs.

Main Results:

  • Differences in plasma membrane and organellar TMD lengths have decreased over eukaryotic evolution.
  • This trend suggests a convergence in membrane thickness across different cellular compartments.
  • The findings correlate with increasing organismal complexity and improved intracellular trafficking.

Conclusions:

  • Eukaryotic membrane evolution shows a trend towards reduced differences in TMD lengths.
  • This suggests enhanced intracellular trafficking mechanisms evolved over time.
  • The study provides the first report on TMD length variations linked to evolutionary time in eukaryotic cellular systems.