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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 27, 2026

Reefshape: A System for the Efficient Collection and Automated Processing of Time-Series Underwater Photogrammetry Data for Benthic Habitat Monitoring
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Distortion of Prospective Time Production Underwater.

Malcolm B Hobbs, Wendy Kneller

    Aerospace Medicine and Human Performance
    |June 24, 2017
    PubMed
    Summary

    Scuba divers perceive less time passing underwater than objectively occurs, with this time distortion beginning at 11 meters depth. This effect, potentially caused by gas narcosis, plateaus at deeper depths.

    Area of Science:

    • Human Physiology
    • Environmental Psychology
    • Diving Science

    Background:

    • Previous research on underwater time perception yielded conflicting results.
    • Limited data exists on how submersion affects time perception in scuba divers.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate prospective time production in scuba divers at various depths.
    • To expand upon existing, contradictory findings regarding underwater time perception.

    Main Methods:

    • Two studies involving scuba divers performing a 30-second time production task.
    • Study 1: Compared deep water (35-42m) vs. shallow water (3-12m).
    • Study 2: Assessed performance at the surface and depths from 1m to 40m.

    Main Results:

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    • Deep water time production was significantly longer than in shallow water (Study 1).
    • Underwater time production (11-40m) was significantly longer than at the surface or 1m depth (Study 2).
    • No significant difference in time production was found between 11m and 40m depths.

    Conclusions:

    • Divers perceive less time passing underwater than objectively occurs from 11m depth.
    • This time perception distortion appears to stabilize beyond 11m.
    • Gas narcosis is proposed as the potential cause for this underwater time distortion.